tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71538726047798832032024-02-19T22:04:55.823-08:00Report writing assignment helpLorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.comBlogger245125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-42432407746455249352020-08-27T19:39:00.001-07:002020-08-27T19:39:05.026-07:00Think Like A ManHave a similar outlook as A Man Battle of the Sexes Think like a Man: Battle of the Sexes ââ¬Å"Don't despise the player, change the gameâ⬠, this persuasive statement in Steve Harvers book begins a skirmish of the genders in four connections when the ladies read it in the film Think like a Man (2012). The film misuses diverse dating generalizations that lead to struggle and upset the level of influence in sentimental connections. The kinds of intensity and diverse correspondence atmospheres are for the most part unique in arrive at relationship as a result of how Steve Harvey says, in his book, to manage each generalization the ladies are managing with.The ladies are on the whole ready to tune in to Harvey since he has master power, and was embraced by Opera which in a manner nearly gives him assigned force too. They figure out how to manage ââ¬Å"non-committersâ⬠, ââ¬Å"dreamersâ⬠, ââ¬Å"playersâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"mama's boysâ⬠. In any case, when the men find out about this book and start to fght back with plays of their own, contentions emerge that must be settled with Meta correspondence as opposed to procedure. The principal fight between the ââ¬Å"non-committerâ⬠Jeremy and the ââ¬Å"girl who needs the ringâ⬠Kristin starts when Kristin peruses that she should ââ¬Å"demandâ⬠a proposition so as to get one.They have been dating for a long time so as to get what she needs Kristin utilizes the closeness power she has over Jeremy by constraining him to dispose of his adolescent assortment that he cherishes. All through this contention Kristin utilizes differing messages so as to communicate that she feels Jeremy ought to grow up. For instance, when Kristin rearranges she offers an emphatic expression by saying the sofa needs to go. At that point, as Jeremy will not concur she become forceful as she complements her contention with signals and a stronger tone while reminding him his auntie peed on top of it last Christma s.When Jeremy begins to peruse the book he understands that he will need to introduce himself as experiencing childhood so as to make Kristin content with him. He does this from the start by organizing the discussions to maintain a strategic distance from the subject of work, yet later loses control and misleads Kristin about placing in the resume at Neversoft. When Kristin acknowledges Jeremy nad sold out ner trust and misled ner sne moves in witn a triend and practices experience shirking so as to smother her sentiments towards Jeremy.After a snapshot of acknowledgment, Jeremy then comes to Kristin when she can't keep away from him and pologizes, he went to the trade off of at last proposing to Kristin so as to her back in his life. Their relationship features the normal inclination of movement in relational connections and the significance of acknowledgment as a team in the holding stage. The following fight is between Dominic ââ¬Å"the dreamerâ⬠and Lauren ââ¬Å"the lady who is her own manâ⬠. Lauren has been not able to discover love since she is trapped in the passionate deception of should with regards to her men.Whereas Dominic experiences experienced issues discovering ladies who are eager to trust in his fantasies and ower their monetary desires in a beau. Lauren first succumbs to Dominic since he introduced himself as a well off, fruitful gourmet expert and she saw numerous substantial awards in a relationship with him. Steve Harvey cautions effective ladies that they needn't bother with a man to be equivalent to them in power so as to be cheerful. Thus, on their first date the subject of work was maintained a strategic distance from by the two gatherings so they would not drive each other off from a relationship.However when Lauren acknowledges Dominic is a server at her organization's occasion her desires repudiated reality and she got uninterested. Dominic becomes disturbed when Lauren turns out to be unoriginal while ending the relati onship which makes Lauren understand that so as to have a profound association you need personal meta-correspondence to make it work. Simply after a date with an effective specialist does Lauren acknowledge she required a man that was correlative to her, not comparable lastly clarifies when unveiling to Dominic her sentiments about him.Their relationship features the significance of enthusiastic compensations in relational connections and how the error of flawlessness can destroy view of critical others. In the fight between Maya ââ¬Å"the 90-day rule girlâ⬠and Zeke ââ¬Å"the playerâ⬠Zeke accepts he is in charge as a result of his referent force that he regularly has with ladies. Nonetheless, in light of the fact that she had gotten her sentiments injured by men like Chris Brown's character who have laid down with her yet didn't have any acquaintance with her name, Maya genuinely was winning the fight since she had reward power by making Zeke hold up 90 days before get ting ââ¬Å"the cookieâ⬠.These two altogether different dating generalizations made the biggest conflict of intensity when it came to objectives of the relationship. Maya's reluctance to lay down with Zeke until the 90 days were up made im work more enthusiastically to make sense of the trade off in this circumstance. Once Zeke gets a grip of the ââ¬Å"playbookâ⬠he understands that he needs to fill the role of a caring sweetheart, without understanding that he really is getting one. When those ââ¬Å"three enchantment wordsâ⬠sneak out he is not, at this point Just rehearsing face work of a beau he really implies it and consequently, Maya bargains and ââ¬Å"lets the treat out of the Jarâ⬠.Zeke had been utilizing methodology so as to get what he needed from Maya, and when she found that out she was harmed in light of the fact that he sold out the closeness power she had given him. In rder to fix the difficult he should have been straightforward about his emotio ns towards Maya and recover her trust by assuming the job of a genuine beau. Their relationship features the significance that trust, explicitly with regards to not deceiving closeness, has in keeping up relational relationships.In the fight between ââ¬Å"single momâ⬠Candice and ââ¬Å"mama's kid' Michael there is a great deal of outside impact on their relationship. Their contentions happen when the harmony among interior and outer persuasive strains emerge. Michael prevails in the tlrst test when ne is happy to remember Candice's child Duke for their exercises. In any case, pressures rise when Michael's mother is reluctant to be pleasant to Candice and that mother-child relationship appears to be strange for Candice.She is scared by the possibility that Michael is so near his mom and that is the reason she doesn't care for Candice, this is the false notion of endorsement. It is upsetting for Candice that his mom has coercive control over Michael that is permitting him to pl ace Candice in runner up behind his mom. When Michael peruses the book and his companions bring up to him, despite the fact that he is trying to claim ignorance, that he is the ââ¬Å"mama's kid' section, Candice begins reappraising her contemplations since they eemed nonsensical once he changed his mom's guest id in his phone.She began to justify the agitating emotions she had about the mom's kid until she addressed his telephone one day and discovered that Michael was lying. So as to get Candice back, Michael expected to appear in a major motion that Candice was the main ladies throughout his life. Their relationship features the significance of being a need to another individual in a relational relationship. The film Think like a Man communicates dating generalizations that lead to struggle in sentimental connections. These ifferent generalizations bring about various sorts of intensity inside the relationships.Kristin and Jeremy feature the significance of movement in a relation ship and the impact of bargain with regards to meta-correspondence about what's to come. Dominic and Lauren clarify the ideas of complimentary appreciation for other people and how desires and reality regularly conflict while there is strife in the relationship. Zeke and Maya are instances of the significance of duty and correspondence about estimations of the relationship; they likewise feature the need of trustworthiness in an erious relationship through meta-communication.Candice and Michael speak to the battle among inner and outer effects on a relationship and the significance of adjusting needs in relational connections. All contention originated from dating generalizations and was affected by the direct correspondence model of Steve Harvey's book. This film is a portrayal of correspondence imperfections that happen in relational sentimental connections, and the proper, powerful and moral methods of arriving at a trade off regardless of every single outside impact and generali zations. Adopt the thought process of A Man Adopt the thought process of A Man Battle of the Sexes Think like a Man: Battle of the Sexes ââ¬Å"Don't loathe the player, change the gameâ⬠, this persuasive statement in Steve Harvers book begins a skirmish of the genders in four connections when the ladies read it in the film Think like a Man (2012). The film abuses diverse dating generalizations that lead to strife and upset the perceived leverage in sentimental connections. The kinds of intensity and diverse correspondence atmospheres are on the whole extraordinary in arrive at relationship as a result of how Steve Harvey says, in his book, to manage each generalization the ladies are managing with.The ladies are for the most part ready to tune in to Harvey since he has master power, and was embraced by Opera which in a manner nearly gives him assigned force too. They figure out how to manage ââ¬Å"non-committersâ⬠, ââ¬Å"dreamersâ⬠, ââ¬Å"playersâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"mama's boysâ⬠. In any case, when the me n find out about this book and start to fght back with plays of their own, contentions emerge that must be settled with Meta correspondence as opposed to methodology. The primary fight between the ââ¬Å"non-committerâ⬠Jeremy and the ââ¬Å"girl who needs the ringâ⬠Kristin starts when Kristin peruses that she should ââ¬Å"demandâ⬠a proposition so as to get one.They have been dating for a long time so as to get what she needs Kristin utilizes the closeness power she has over Jeremy by compelling him to dispose of his silly assortment tha Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-22729299725044428372020-08-22T12:59:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:59:27.887-07:00Communities of Practice (CoP) Evaluation Report EssayNetworks of Practice (CoP) Evaluation Report - Essay Example This be that as it may, is muddled by the structures such a training takes. There are two known kinds of information: that which is thought about the internal side of any individual including their ability to follow up on such information and that which is enunciated and could be recorded reliably. Subsequently, the communicated thought of information that is understood, unequivocal and inferred. The most significant viewpoint in any association is its ability to configuration forms, oversee them and improve additionally dependent on procured or created information (Wenger, McDermott and Snyder 101-119). The social part of CoPs is outfitted towards the enthusiasm of individuals found in their mission to build up a given practice and keep the network unblemished. CoPs have a culture of progress and this is supported through advancement which for the most part puts together their acknowledgment with respect to characteristics of individuals communicated through thoughts and the dedication or assurance to do as such. This information which is outfitted towards encouraging development generates one of a kind and new thoughts and discovers answers for present just as past issues or issues that may have been experienced. This could clarify the explanations for administrative help for CoPs inside their separate associations to increase upper hand (Lea and Nicoll 182-195). The recognized CoPs for this paper are the Peers and Colleagues of Apple Inc. this gathering ordinarily concurs on the issues inside Apple Inc. with regards to the wastefulness they may have acknowledged in the arrangement of R&D. They coexist with a similar intrigue outfitted towards progress of value guidelines of this wasteful framework, changes are proposed and methods of how they happened to work out the advancing framework are introduced. They share these thoughts of the framework through messages, calls or now and again sort out lunch meetings. The reconsidered thoughts get introduced through the procedure of chain collaborations where one individual transmits it to the following. This goes the extent that making them stay informed concerning new patterns Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-65945875900219427932020-08-21T10:41:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:41:08.437-07:00Essay Topics For BullyingEssay Topics For BullyingIf you have taken the time to look through this essay topics for bullying article, you have likely come to a place where you are looking for help. There are a lot of people out there that have been victims of bullying and also know how important it is to help the child that you are bullying.You may even be willing to write a general fact or a research topic for a school for the boy who is bullying you. Some children who suffer from this type of bullying may not know how to handle the situation or it may be difficult for them to express themselves or they may be in the middle of a fight with the boy that they are being bullied by. There are a number of ways that you can help them and writing about it will help you and they will know that they are getting help and they need it.You may be afraid to tell your story during your last school year because you were afraid to make the topic of bullying part of your class discussion. However, if you find the courage to write about it, it is very important that you do so. You do not want to let anyone down and especially not your son or daughter. They are going to feel as though they are getting the treatment that they deserve if they cannot come to an agreement on what you want them to do.It is also important that you write essays that are essay topics for bullying because this will help the other students that are struggling with the same thing that you are and the kids that are trying to get past the bully that they have been battling with for a long time. You may not be able to make it past the bully that is causing you the most pain but you can talk to them about the types of topics that are going to help them to get past it and on the path to recovery. That is why it is important that you write about it.You should also not be ashamed of writing about the bully that is hurting you. These essays that you write should not be long forms filled with a lot of jargon and that does not matter. The es say topics for bullying should only contain as much detail as you feel that you need to provide so that your audience can understand what you are talking about.You want to make sure that your essay topics for bullying are easy to read and that you present a realistic and easy to understand scenario that your audience can relate to. There are essay topics for this that include a list of things that can be used to control the behavior of the bully. If you make sure that you cover all of these topic areas, it will make the essay topics for bullying that you write easier to understand and read for others.Writing about essays on essay topics for bullying will help you move on with your life. You do not want to keep going back to your bully every day because he will be calling you names like I hate you to your friends or parents. You are going to have to stand up for yourself and for your children and the best way to do this is to write about it.You do not have to suffer from bullying bec ause you did not take the time to work through your paper work. Use the essay topics for bullying to write your story and help others to follow your lead. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-8533447513819676262020-05-26T03:33:00.001-07:002020-05-26T03:33:04.491-07:00Adam and Eve and Temptation Essay - 653 Words Kyle Dudzinski Ms. Cecelia AP English 12 20 December 2010 Temptation Temptation has been around since the conception of our Earth. All civilizations, including the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, the British, and even modern day individuals, have fallen victim to temptations that the world offers. John Owen described temptation as ââ¬Å"a knife, that may either cut the meat or the throat of a man; it may be his food or his poison, his exercise or destruction.â⬠A temptation is an act that appears enticing to an individual, but is usually coupled with damaging implications that may lead to feelings of regret and remorse. A person may fall victim to temptation when he lacks the self control to avoid enticing situations and isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Temptation is also rabid in most high school settings. Sex, illegal drugs, alcohol, cheating, and tobacco are all temptations students are faced with on a daily basis. Teenagers must each make personal decisions to either refrain from immoral conduct or succumb to the temptations of peer pressure, usually with the hopes of being accepted. The temptations of potentially destructive decisions are immense. It takes a strong-willed individual to stand up against the majority and hold true to his values. Not bowing to temptation is a difficult task for any person, but especially for a high school student who is more worried about his own popularity and appearance and has yet to grow his moral fibers. The temptations that the youth of our modern culture experience are very appealing, but their consequences are more damaging than ever before. Temptation surrounds our lives. Daily, we make decisions to either surrender to it or to persevere against it. It takes courage, bravery, and discipline to withstand temptation. William Butler Yeats wrote that ââ¬Å"Every conquering temptation represents a new found moral energy. Every trial endured and weathered in the right spirit makes a soul nobler and stronger than it was before.â⬠When an individual overcomes the tem ptation of participating in an immoral act, he grows as a person and becomes morally stronger. With the knowledge of the results of a bad decision, a person can learnShow MoreRelatedOld Versus Young : The Temptation Of Adam And Eve Receive The Forbidden Fruit By Pietro Facchetti1402 Words à |à 6 Pagesfashions a man (Adam) out of dust, and a woman (Eve) from Adamââ¬â¢s rib. God places Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, encouraging them to live and prosper, but not to eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge. Ultimately, Adam and Eve were tempted into eating the fruit, and were punished by God for doing so. Throughout the years, many painters have expressed their own interpretation of this story through their artwork; including James Barry and Pietro Facchetti. The Temptation of Adam by James BarryRead MoreSnow White And The Seven Dwarves1596 Words à |à 7 Pagesand this is not the only instance in which an apple signifies something wicked. Even though most people believe th at an apple represents health, wellbeing, and beauty, they should see the apple as a symbol for wickedness and evil because it is a temptation, it is a metaphor for sex, and it leads to separation from all things pure and moral. On the cover of the best-selling novel Twilight by Stephanie Meyer, a pair of hands holding an apple is pictured. This apple depicts how both good and evil canRead MoreThe Biblical Story Behind The Temptation Of Eve1209 Words à |à 5 Pages The Adam; Eve painting represents the biblical story behind the temptation of Eve. The biblical story of Adam and Eve can be found in the first book of Genesis in the bible. In this story Adam and Eve live in the Garden of Eden and God tells them that they can have any fruit from any tree, except one. Adam and Eve were told to stay away from the tree of knowledge and that if they were to eat the apples from this tree they will know what was good and bad, but ultimately it was their choice. ThenRead MoreTemptation Is An Unavoidable Part Of Life1725 Words à |à 7 PagesTemptation is an unavoidable part of life that has been around since the creation of the world and man. After the creation of man, God placed him in the Garden of Eden, and gave h im dominion over the Garden and everything in it. The only command given to man, by God, was to not eat from one particular tree or he would die. In an act of rebellion against God, Satan approached Eve and persuaded her to eat from the tree that God forbade them from eating. This persuasion included lying to Eve about dyingRead MoreSymbolism Of Adam And Eve1135 Words à |à 5 Pages Name Institution Course Date Adam and Eve One of the creation myths describes Adam and Eve as the first human beings. The myth is found in the book of Genesis, which is the first book in the Bible. The Christian myth describes Adam and Eve as the origin of humanity. Adam was created by God from dust. Then after making Adam, God removed one of his ribs and created Eve to be his companion. Even though the Bible says that nobody has ever seenRead MoreAdam And Eve : The Myth Of Adam And Eve1127 Words à |à 5 PagesAdam and Eve One of the creation myths describes Adam and Eve as first human beings. The myth is found in the book of Genesis which is the first book in the Bible. The Christian myth describes Adam and Eve as the origin of humanity. Adam was created by God from dust. Then after making Adam, he removed one of his ribs and created Eve to be his companion. Even though the Bible says that nobody has ever seen God and he only appeared to people in different figures like the burning bush when he appearedRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesrecreates the creation in an English epic and retells the events of the fall of Satan from Heaven, and the fall of Adam and Eve in the garden. Eve appears to be at fault for the fall of humankind and for her and Adamââ¬â¢s exile from Eden, because Eve gave into Satanââ¬â¢s temptation. However, if Eve is at fault for the fall of all humankind, than who is at fault for Satanââ¬â¢s fall? God provided Adam and Eve with free will, which allowed them to roam Eden and live freely. They had one rule from God; God told themRead MoreThe And Benefits Of Human Sin1341 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe Fruit of the tree of Knowledge, and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden all share in common the stern consequences of human actions in the face of God. The significance of these bi blical events are often associated with negative views of the punishments that were placed. The Tower of Babel is associated with Godââ¬â¢s punishment of ââ¬Å"scatteringâ⬠humans across the earth thus separating a once unified people. The expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden for eating the Fruit of the tree of KnowledgeRead MoreAnalysis Of Paradise Lost, Satan And The Other Fallen Angels1182 Words à |à 5 PagesSatan ultimately tricks Eve into temptation, without her even noticing. There is said to be three temptations of Sin; the lust of the eyes, the pride of life, and the lust of the flesh. The lust of the eyes is the desire to see something that should not be seen, the pride of life is the desire for more knowledge and power, and the lust of the flesh is the desire to make the body feel pleasure. Every sin committed by mankind coincides with at least one of these three temptations. With the assistanceRead MoreWas Jesus the Reincarnation of Adam? Essay785 Words à |à 4 Pagesrefer to Jesus as the ââ¬Å"New Adam.â⬠There are several similarities and differences that support this conclusion. Both Adam and Jesus were created a as a perfect man. They possessed human capabilities, and they were sinless, holy, and had a relationship with God. They were both also created human, but as an incarnate of God1. In other words, they were God in the flesh, but Adam was made in the image of God while Jesus was made in the image of the ââ¬Å"invisible Godâ⬠2. Unlike Adam, Lord Jesus was, divine, Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-10087305045086952052020-05-15T10:09:00.001-07:002020-05-15T10:09:06.766-07:00Alderfers Modified Need Hierarchy Model - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2126 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Most concepts of motivation that apply to the workforce begin with the assumption that behaviour, at least in part, is directed towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Definitions of motivation include: Willingness to exert effort to achieve the organizations goals, conditioned by this efforts ability to satisfy individual needs (Robbins Coulter, 1996). An employees motivation to work consists of all the drives, forces and influenced- conscious or unconscious- that cause the employee to want to achieve certain aims (Graham and Bennett 1998 p60) Processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. Robbins and Judge (2009, p.209) There are many definitions of motivation, however the underlying concept appears to be that, some driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfil some need or expectation (Mullins, 2002 p418). Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alderfers Modified Need Hierarchy Model" essay for you Create order Rudolph and Kleiner (1989) and Armstrong (1999) suggest that it can be divided in to two categories, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is related to tangible benefits such as salary, fringe benefits, security, contract of service, promotion, the work environment and conditions of work. Whereas intrinsic motivation relates to psychological rewards such as the opportunity to use ones ability, a sense of challenge and achievement, receiving appreciation, positive recognition, and being treated in a caring and considerate manner. The importance of the construction industry in relation to the general economy The building and construction industry is essential to welfare and prosperity in the UK. In 2011 the Gross Value Added of the construction industry in the UK was Ãâà £89.5 billion, 6.7% of total GVA (Gross value added). There were 2.04 million workforce jobs in the UK construction industry in March 2012, 6.4% of all workforce jobs. The GVA of the industry fell in 2008, 2009 and 2010 both in terms of Ãâà £billions but also its share of the total economy, 2011 saw a slight recovery but the GVA of the construction industry remained below pre-recession levels. (https://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN01432) The importance of motivation Motivation is extremely important to organisations and companies of all sizes; in a competitive market place such as the construction industry it is vital that staff members are motivated in order to convert physical and financial resources into useful products, ultimately helping to reduce the cost of operations. According to Sabah Karimi (2010) Motivation is important in order to be able to attain the organizations goals and to accomplish long and short term objectives. Managers strive to motivate people in organisations to perform at high levels. This means getting them to work hard, to come to work regularly and to make positive contributions to the organisations goals. However job performance not only depends on motivation but also ability and environmental factors. The relationship of Performance can be stated as follows: P = M + A + E With, P = performance, M = motivation, A= ability, and E = environment To generate high levels of performance an employee mu st be motivated to do the job, must have the ability to complete the job effectively and must be provided with the necessary equipment/information to do so. Mullins (2002) refers to work by Krietner et al. who proposes that although motivation is a necessary contributor for job performance, it is not the only one. Alongside ability, motivation is also a combination of level of skill, knowledge about how to complete the task, feelings and emotions, and facilitating/inhibiting conditions not under the individuals control. Performance and satisfaction are areas commonly discussed when talking about motivation. Organisations not only want operatives that are productive, but they also want to ensure that their workforce is satisfied in order to reduce employee turnover. Boredom and frustration at work is often the result of an employees lack of involvement with the companys goals and a feeling that their ideas are not wanted or listened to. For the employer, staff turnover incre ases as employees walk out of the door for more interesting jobs. (Management today) Despite being discussed, there has been little scientific research in to the relationship between satisfaction and productivity and whether operatives are motivated so they are satisfied, productive or both. The importance of motivation is clear and can be summarised in the following quotation: Motivation may be deÃâà ¬Ãâà ned as the degree to which individuals commit effort to achieve goals that they perceive as being meaningful and worthwhile Johnson, Johnson, 2003 However, it is slightly unclear are the factors that motivate operatives, if the techniques applied by management are successful, and what the relationship is between satisfaction and productivity. Therefore the aims for this research are to: -Understand what motivates construction operatives, by ranking their needs, motivators and de-motivators. -Establish what site managers perceive motivates operatives, and compare whether they are of the same opinion as the operatives. -Compare the findings of this study with previous research, and establish any differences in opinion -Discuss the issue of satisfaction and productivity and establish if there is a relationship between the two CHAPTER 1- MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES THERE APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION There are various theories which endeavour to quantify what motivation is, all which are partially true. However a generalised theory that applies to all individuals in different circumstances has not yet been theorised. It is not essential to discuss all motivational theories but it is however important to identify that each one is different. This project will be expanding on data analysed from previous research which was collected in relation to Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. It also raises key points in regards to issues with satisfaction and productivity, this in which is linked to the work of Herzberg. This chapter will subsequently focus on the work of Maslow and Herzberg; other theories will be outlined briefly. History of motivation Motivation theories can be traced back over two centuries ago to the works of innovative theorists such as Robert Owen, Jeremy Bentham, and Elton Mayo who began to research and implement principles of motivational theories, there be it different models. Robert Owen believed that by caring and looking after the needs of his employees they would be more reliable, efficient and longer lasting. He demonstrated pioneering management and ethical business policies which are now widely recognised and implemented within human resources today. His strategies inspired infant education, the need for safer working practices, the co-operative movement, trade unionism, and garden cities. Jeremy Bentham views are widely known as the carrot and stick approach, a metaphor relating to reward and penalties. Bentham believed that everyone is self-interested, motivated by either a desirable outcome or avoiding an unpleasant one. Although theories of motivation have been explored extensively since, re ward and punishment is still considered strong motivators in our society today. Elton Mayo conducted various behavioural experiments to explore methods of motivating staff, from the research he conducted he concluded that staff were not only motivated by pay, work conditions and moral but also psychological and social factors. He also found that recognition and a sense of belonging are very important and that an individuals attitude towards work is strongly influenced by those around them. Outline of theories It is now possible to divide motivation theories into two categories, content theories and process theories. Content theories may also be referred to as need theories as they focus on the importance of establishing what motivates us, trying to identify the needs of individuals and thus relating motivation to the fulfilling of these needs. These theories are concerned with identifying peoples needs, their relative strengths and the goals they pursue in order to satisfy these needs (Mullins 2002). They include: Maslow hierarchy of needs model Herzbergs two-factor theory Alderfers modified need hierarchy model McClellands achievement motivation theory McGregors X and Y theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs in a paper written in 1943, called A Theory of Human Motivation. The hierarchy attempts to explain/propose factors that motivate an individual, Maslow suggested that people are motivated to fulfil basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. The hierarchy is most commonly displayed in a pyramid format show in figure 1. Figure 1- Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Model (Mullins, 2002 p427) Maslow believes that we must first achieve physiological needs as they are vital for our survival. They include the need for water, air, food and sleep; these are classed as primary needs as all other steps in the tier are secondary until these needs are met. Safety needs may also include factors that improve security; they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Once we can sustain ourselves (tier 1) it then becomes essential to ensure our safety/security, examples of this may be protection from weather, health insurance, machinery, vehicles etc. Social needs include our natural urge to feel accepted; examples of this may be with family, relationships or colleagues at work. Esteem needs include feelings such as self-worth, accomplishment and social recognition. Self-actualisation needs represent the highest tier of the hierarchy and are needs concerned with self-fulfilment or personal growth. Maslow believed that each tier must be fairly well satisfied befo re the needs of the next tier become important to the individual, however Oldcorn (1989) advocates that individuals may not satisfy the first need to move on to the next until they reach the top of the hierarchy. He implies that in reality we try to satisfy a mixture of various needs at any one time. This can often be seen when individuals are put under pressure, sleep and food (physiological needs) may be deprived in order to complete an objective or goal (esteem needs). This argument coincides with Wahba and Bridwell (1976) who reported that there was diminutive evidence to support the ranking of the needs or the hierarchical order, as his theory was difficult to test empirically; furthermore this meant that there are various interpretations of his theory and the clarity of his work has faded over time due to more recent publications by authors with more current views. Nevertheless the values of the tiers remain, regardless of the overlapping of needs. Herzbergs two-factor theory Dr Frederick Herzberg conducted research in order to gain an understanding of what creates job satisfaction. Herzbergs to-factor theory states there are certain factors in the workplace that cause satisfaction, and in turn different factors that create dissatisfaction. Herzberg divided these factors into two categories, hygiene and motivator factors. Principally hygiene factors are crucial in ensuring that workers are not dissatisfied, whereas motivators are needed to increase performance. Motivators are regarded as factors such as challenging work, recognition, responsibility and personal growth; elements Maslow describes as esteem needs. Hygiene factors are extrinsic, these include; job security, salary, fringe benefits and company policies; elements of Maslows higher level needs. They do not provide positive satisfaction, however if they are not present this will create dissatisfaction. There has since been criticism regarding the accuracy of the results concluded in He rzbergs theory, NEED TO INCLUDE POINT THAT DISPOVES, THEN EVIDENCE OF VALIDITIY. Alderfers modified need hierarchy model (ERG Theory) Clayton Alderfer redefined Maslows hierarchy and re-categorised it into three broader classes of needs. These include: Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Growth needs McClellands achievement motivation theory David McClelland was an American psychologist who conducted research to further the work of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. McClelland carried out research and experiments to identify the varying needs and motivators in a variety of people. His research suggested that these needs can be categorised into affiliation, power and achievement. Each of these needs influence motivation within an individual, McClelland suggested that these needs or motivators are acquired over time and vary from person to person dependent on their life experiences. Achievement can be defined as a recurrent concern to excel, to do better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing better. (McClelland, 1961). The power motive can be defined as a recurrent preference or readiness for experiences of having impact, control, or influence over others and the world (McClelland, 1975; Winter, 1973). The affiliative motive has been defined as the preference for establishing, maintai ning, and restoring a positive affective relationship with another person or persons (Atkinson et al, 1954, p406). McGregors X and Y Theory Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation, developed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s. The theories describe two opposing models of employee motivation; X theory proposes that employees are fundamentally idle and have no interest in meeting the organisations objectives, therefore management and direction is necessary in ensuring that the workforce operates productively. Y theory still suggests that management are responsible, however McGregor proposes that management should show confidence in their workforce; giving employees the opportunity to exercise creativity, imagination and ingenuity in order to create a work environment where both management and subordinates share co-operative objectives. Weinbach, 2008 states that Most people can handle responsibility, because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-76882776509212558132020-05-06T16:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:27:34.330-07:00Theory of Multiple Intelligences and Personal Experience personal names I fleetingly recall being in fourth grade and my teacher, Mr. Pox, was instructing us how to tell time. The feeling of trying to overcome this hurdle to recognize the ââ¬Å"big handâ⬠is for the minutes and the ââ¬Å"little handâ⬠correlates with the hours, was such a great feat for a fourth grader. At the time, that felt like such an accomplishment yet there would be many more and greater to come. According to Howard Gardnerââ¬â¢s theory of multiple intelligences in his essay ââ¬Å"A Rounded Version: Theory of Multiple Intelligences,â⬠he contends that we have more intelligence than what a test could prove because we all each excel in different areas of life (Gardner andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Listening to the other ideas instead of just my own, taught me to compromise. This was a way to work well with people and get things done quickly to get the best grade I wanted. In school I have seen students who are timid than most and feel awkward working with people. They work better by viewing things alone allowing them to excel in individual assignments. They display an Intrapersonal Intelligence guiding them to be self-sufficient. They have a greater sense of their self enabling them to utilize that knowledge. Learning your own self could be said to help you work with others but it helps to look from your own feeling and notice others around you. People get farther working with others than always working alone. Linguistic intelligence is not only the ability to make a proper sentence with error free grammar, but it includes the expertise to formulate words that convey a clear and thoughtful message. Learning a language is a highly sought linguistic intelligence and some might even say very necessary. I have, not mastered yet, learned three languages; Swahili, English and Spanish are in order of what I have been taught first in my life. Mastering these three languages is a long journey far from over. Sometimes in my Spanish class, I feel that I will never learn all of the language in time or be secure when I speak it. I remind myself, though, that there are many words in English that I still have not encountered yet in my life andShow MoreRelatedCognitive Development: Multiple Intelligences1536 Words à |à 7 Pagesoverview of Gardnerââ¬â¢s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI). I will also discuss the merits and critiques of the theory in the field of cognitive development. I will also discuss the applicability of Gardnerââ¬â¢s theory to my personal development. The final section will cover the application of the theory in a counselling framework. This will be supported by discussing theoretical orientations that would best adopt application of Gardnerââ¬â¢s theory. Theoretical Overview Gardnerââ¬â¢s theory of MI offers an alternativeRead MoreHoward Gardner and Project Zero1231 Words à |à 5 PagesUniversity School of Medicine, and Senior Director of Harvard Project Zeroâ⬠(Gardner bio, Multiple Intelligences and Education, MI Theory, and Project Zero). As director of Project Zero, it provided and environment that Gardner could begin the exploration of human cognition (Multiple Intelligences and Education). Project Zero colleagues have been designing assessment and the use of multiple intelligences (MI) to realize more personalized curriculum, instruction, and teaching methods; and the qualityRead MoreThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1489 Words à |à 6 Pagesrelated to intelligence cognitive and learning as a style of individual differences, explanation the complex process of learning through of the intelligences. Howards Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences thirty years ago, explain the intelligence is the profile and each individ ual has different ways to learn, he affirm has seven intelligences differ in their thinking, feeling, and behavior. ââ¬Å"No two people are alike, yet no two people are unlikeâ⬠Gardner (1983). Gardner s theory has beenRead MoreHoward Gardner and Multiple Intelligences796 Words à |à 4 PagesStephanie Kilhullen ENG101 The Theory of Multiple Intelligences à à On Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences à à à à à The beginning of the school year is possibly one of the most stressful experiences for a student to endure due to mandatory placement testingââ¬âultimately deciding where and what level a student belongs to based upon their test scores. However, what if a student does not do well on the placement testing because the subjects that the educational system deem ââ¬Ëintelligentââ¬â¢ areRead MoreQuestions On Intelligence And Intelligence1252 Words à |à 6 Pagescapabilities are what we typically associate with intelligence. However, intelligence cannot easily be defined by a single IQ number on a scale or even by saying someone is ââ¬Å"smartâ⬠or ââ¬Å"dumbâ⬠in a certain area of knowledge such as math or science. Each and every person is unique in their own respect and there are a multitude of facets that contribute to the way we measure and assess an individualââ¬â¢s abilities to understand or adapt to a given situation. Intelligence is a combination of an individualââ¬â¢s abilityRead More Choosing the Right Application of Multiple Intelligence Theory1700 Words à |à 7 Pagesextreme methods have too specific of an approach. A combination of learning styles, or multiple intelligences, is required to teach successfully. The introduction of the multiple intelligence theory has positively benefitted teaching by encouraging educators to stimulate each studentââ¬â¢s learning strength everyday; regardless of the traditional teaching methods more commonly used. The multiple intelligence theory was created by Howard Gardner, and has been summarized nicely by McCain and Weiten (2004)Read MoreLearning Styles Experienced As An Online Tutor And Academic Director1555 Words à |à 7 Pagesinstitution. Sincerely, Owen Cameron Linton ID 20583182 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tablesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..iii Summaryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.iv 1.0 Introductionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..1 2.0 The Theory of Multiple Intelligencesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦2 2.1 Other Learning Theoriesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..3 2.2 The VARK Modelâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..4 3.0 Applications of learning styles â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.......5 3.1 Applications in online tutoring â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦...5 4.0 Evidence against Learning StylesRead MoreThe Most Intelligent Person I Know969 Words à |à 4 Pagespeople I know personally. Based on Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences, Min Lu possess the logical- mathematical intelligence. She possess the logical- mathematical intelligence because she loved math and science, and her intelligence of both subjects are excellent than my friends and I. For instance, she always got high score in math class, and scored close to proficient on the SAT or ACT. I believe that her passion is what makes her intelligence in math because she love what she is studyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Teaching Language Arts1460 Words à |à 6 PagesUnequivocally, the Vygotskian theory is the theory that is tailored to my educational beliefs. In addition, the Vygotskian theory has viable researched based strategies for reading, writing, speaking, and language development. Moreover, with Hallidayââ¬â¢s theory of language development, these two in tandem mak es for the great educational experience. Finally, Gardenerââ¬â¢s theory of multiple intelligences is the brain based theory use for my educational beliefs. Vygotskian theory is the fundamental frameworkRead MoreApplying Learning Theory Of Life1507 Words à |à 7 Pages Applying Learning Theory to Life Kristen Lewis PSY331: Psychology of Learning Nina Dulabaum 2 Feb 2015 Introduction: Learning can be defined as a lasting change in behavior of an entity that is down to the experience gained by the entity. The basic purpose of this paper is to apply the learning principles to by presenting and teaching the information to others in the workforce, to help people learn in the best way. We have to choose the best methods and best principles of learning Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-79529775666272991302020-05-05T19:21:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:21:15.285-07:00Castles Of Finland Essay Example For Students Castles Of Finland Essay In Finland there happens to be 7 main castles:Turku Castle: It was built in 1280 i.e. It was destroyed by bombing in 1941, but restored during the next 20 years. Now it is a museum and venue for exhibitions. Hame Castle: Its believed to have been built at approximately the same time as the Turku castle. The castle served as a prison at 1837-1972. The castle is now presented as a historical monument. Viipuri Castle: It isnt known when the Viipuri castle was built. It is now part of Russia. Viipuri castle wasnt very important to the Russians, therefore abandoned by them. Raseborg Castle: It was built in 1374 i.e. It was the seat of a bailiff who was the administrator for the western half of the south coast of Finland. It is now used for tourism. Kastelholm Castle: It was built in 1384 i.e. Aland was separated from the castle county of Turku and the Aland islanders were reluctantly subjected to a bailiff. Kastelholm castle is preserved as an architectural and historical monument. Olavinlinna Castle: It was built in 1475. It was the first Finnish castle to be built for use in the era of firearms. It is like most of the castles, a place for tourism, and every year there is an opera festival!Kuusisto Castle: It was built in 1317. It was unfortunately soon after destroyed in 1528. It is now used as a museum. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-85721755545492145062020-04-13T06:56:00.001-07:002020-04-13T06:56:03.742-07:00Sports Facility Funding an Example of the Topic Economics Essays bySports Facility Funding Introduction Need essay sample on "Sports Facility Funding" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The game of Sports is often defined as a bodily process or experience wherein an inpidual can find enjoyment while at the same time have fun and exercise through different sports. In a sense, sports is as well regarded as a better way of entertainment for a majority of the people, more especially among those who consider themselves as enthusiasts. In addition to this, the game or the competition of sports also serves as a better way and at the same time the most entertaining way to instill confidence in inpiduals and maximized their full potential not just as an athlete but as more especially as an inpidual. However, the true essence of sports would be at risk when the primary venue for the sports which is that of the Sports Facilities are properly maintained and descent or modern enough to provide the athletes and the people the needed facilities in able to perform the game of sports. Thus, sports facilities should always remain in good condition and in-line with modernity as these primarily helps the athletes as well as the people to stay motivated and enthusiastic to play their reputable sports. College Students Often Tell EssayLab support: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online? Specialists propose: Your Academic Success Is Our Goal Cheap Essays Not Plagiarized Write My Essay Online Best Essay Writing Service Cheap Writing Services Moreover, it is indeed true that through modern and well maintained sports facilities, outstanding performance among athletes and uplift the game of sports is achieved. Thus, with better sports facilities, it is clear that the athletes will have a better chance to practice their skills and capabilities as an athlete and for the people, more especially for the sports enthusiasts for continuous skills development. Therefore, to develop and improve the sports facilities are important in order to improve the quality of sports and produced great athletes. In this regard, this research paper will concentrate to investigate on the topic about the funding of sports facilities through bond issue. This, paper would fundamentally work to determine the entire procedure of the funding process. Bond Issue and Sports Facilities Funding In a sense, to build or construct a modern sports facility is not as cheap as just constructing a house or any establishments. The process of building and constructing of a high standard sports facility would require thousands and millions of dollars to be able to initiate the construction and pave the way towards the edifice of a modern or up to date sports facility. In time where all the construction materials are expensive and the world is on a global financial crisis, the funding of a modern and with high standard sports facility is more expensive and difficult to achieve. Moreover, the construction of modern sports facility needs sophisticated engineering design to able to reach highest standard of modernity. Thus, this would require a large amount of money to fund the construction for such sports facility. In a sense, there are various ways to fund the construction for modern sports facility. The funding may possibly come from the in house monetary budget of the organization which will basically serves as the fund that will be use for sports facility renovation and would directly originate from the from the revenue of the organization. Another way is through solicitations and donations. This is normally counted as charity works that involves the participation of the entire community. Certainly, it is seen that funding sports facilities through bond issue or agreement is regarded to be the most controversial way of initiating sports facility construction or renovation. As such, funding of sports facility under such method of bond issue is seen to have been often criticized and condemned mainly due to fact that the process for such way of funding often associates economical burden for the people. Bonds have become among the common methods used by cities or counties in order to raise the funds required in order to fund the sports facilities that are to be constructed (as cited in Sawyer, 2006). The trend of the use of bonds to fund this particular project has risen over the past decade, according to Fried (2005), which shows the popularity and the feasibility of this particular funding method. Formally defined, bonds are described by Howard and Crompton (1995) as a promise by the borrower (bond issuer) to pay back the lender (bond holder) a specified amount of money, with interest, within a specific period of time (as cited in Masteralexis, Barr, & Hums, 2004, p. 260). Among the examples of funding the construction of sports facilities through the use of bonds can be lifted from the experience of the Centerburg Ohio Public School. The bonds issue happened on October of last year after the approval of the voters is solicited by the Board of Education for the proposed plan of 1.72 million dollars property tax bond in order to finance the construction of the school facilities that is to be constructed outdoor. The primary purpose to which the money is intended involves the improvement of the sports facilities constructed outdoors and for the nearby restrooms and drinking fountains. A voting system serves as the means through which the proposed plan of property tax is approved. The constituents are considered to be participatory in this particular decision-making process wherein they are the ones upon whom the votes are gathered from as to whether the proposed property tax bond is approved or not in order for the project to push through. The voting has been proposed to take plae on November 2007 in order to make the final decision for the proposal. This serves as the first step towards the construction and implementation of the plan. Among the advantages of having the fund gathered from the bonds is primarily because of the speedier process associated with earning the needed finances for the project. This would speed up the process compared to waiting for funding from the public government which would require several processes as prescribed in the formal budget hearing. To this extent, the purpose of the project is also achieved in a faster manner. According to the Centerburg school board president Ed Lambert, the bond issue helps improve the sports facility that enhances the performance of the student athletes and increases the safety of the students. As the project pushes through, the students would have appropriate training areas instead of using alternatives that poses risks to their safety and health. With this, the enhancement of their performance and the achievement of a heightened sense of sports esteem is given at a faster pace than through other sources of funding. Furthermore, another advantage of this proposed property tax bond will definitely uplift the standard of Centerburg public school as a producer of quality students and athletes due to the fact that modern sports facilities will enable the school to produce outstanding student athlete, which can be a superstar in their own chosen sport. This enhances the reputation and the capability of the school in being a holistic learning institution that caters to the needs of the students in all respects whether it is on the academic setting or in the physical aspects. Among the disadvantages would be that the constituents of Centerburg has to sacrifice in order to pay the additional taxes that would have to be levied by the local government in order to slowly finish paying for the constriction of the public school outdoor sports facilities. This is true for all inpiduals whoa re eligible to pay for local government taxes whether they may be using the sports facilities or they do not benefit from it at all. It serves as a shared responsibility among the community which does not exempt anyone. However, it remains that the benefits and advantages of this particular project outweighs its disadvantages. It is seen more as a helpful project instead of a burden to the public because of the nonfinancial benefits that are earned by the community especially in encouraging the youth in engaging their selves in sports than in any other form of activity such as drug abuse. Despite this particular advantage seen in the use of the proposed property tax bond to fund the said project, it did not push through primarily because of the publics lack of information regarding both the financial and non-financial consequences of the project. It would have been better if there is a massive campaign that appeals to the public regarding the project. Moreover, it should have targeted the people who are directly involved in the project and who would benefit from it such as the parents of the children, more especially the athletes who are involved there. On the other hand, there are other available means to finance the said project aside from the ones proposed. The use of an intensified information dissemination regarding the project would have rendered the project more successful as compared to how it turned out since it already has the advantages that is required in order to achieve a successful outcome. References Fried, G. (2005).Managing sport facilities. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Investopedia (2008), Advantage of Bonds: Retrieved December 22, 2008 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/00/111500.asp Love to Know (2008). Definition of sports. Retrieved December 22, 2008, from http://www.yourdictionary.com/sport Masteralexis, L., Barr, C., & Hums, M. (2004). Principles and practice of sport management. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Mount Vernon News (2007). Bond issue would provide money for construction of outdoor facilities at Centerburg. Retrieved Decmeber 23, 2008 from http://www.mountvernonnews.com/local/election07/centerburg.levy.html Sawyer. T. Financing facilities 101: public funding, private funding, hard taxes, soft taxeswelcome to the complex world of facilities financing. JOPERD--The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. Retrieved December 24, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3218/is_4_77/ai_n29259085 Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-5381277815039017632020-03-11T08:25:00.001-07:002020-03-11T08:25:03.178-07:00Ways to Improve Reading-Comprehension SkillsWays to Improve Reading-Comprehension Skills Any person with top-notch reading-comprehension skills has done quite a bit of reading in their lifetime, which means thatà they were not simply born an expert reader; instead they were taught at an early age ââ¬â or learned somewhere along the line ââ¬â the power of stories, the richness of their own language, and how both add meaning, joy, and purpose to their lives. Developing, then possessing, this very important skill helps the student excel in school, regardless of their level or grade. (Having superb or even average reading-comprehension skills also benefits the working adult in many ways ââ¬â from understanding contracts theyââ¬â¢re signing, prescriptions of medicines they may be taking, etc.) Various Strategies to Develop Oneââ¬â¢s Reading-Comprehension Skills Comprehension Monitoring. This technique involves pre-reading, then reading, followed by the post-reading of a text. Though it seems a bit of work, this method is quite effective. Students can first skim a text looking for and then defining keywords that may otherwise interrupt the flow of reading. After they read a text, it may help the student to write observations or orally summarize what they have just read. Diagramming. It may benefit a student to create an outline of the story, passage, chapter or section they have just read when it is the most fresh in their minds. This will help them concentrate on certain transitions, points, arguments and so on that comprises a story or passage of a text; this is also very beneficial to the student because this exercise allows the information to be stored in their long-term memory ââ¬â instead of directing their focus on another task after the reading of something, allowing the information to be lost in their short-term memory (and possibly lost forever), because it was not immediately recalled. You may like these articles: How to Improve Ones Study Skills What is Proofreading? A Literary Technique That Works Wonders Harper Lee and Her Second Novel Yasar Kemal Is a Master of Word Question or prompt answering. Immediately after reading a text, a student can ask themselves questions or touch on certain points to a sort of exercise their reading-comprehension skills. Some could be: Explain briefly what was read. Why was it important to read? What are its implications? What was the meaning or purpose of reading the passage, section, chapter that was assigned? Read aloud. Some students, those who learn best as auditory learners, may learn and remember best when they hear something read out loud. Even if it themselves reading it aloud. Discussing the content. Some students who are oral learners may be fully engaged when they can discuss a subject openly with another person after reading something. They may need to verbally process information in order to store it for long-term use. Think thematically about the text. Too often a student, at any level, may read a text without picking up on key themes that are incorporated into it. They may look or focus on the wrong aspect of the text; in these cases, the student may want to conduct research, (perhaps by reading a simpler text, one that is broader in nature) to learn more about a subject that maybe a more advanced textbook may be overlooking or generalizing. Read, read, read. The more a student reads, the better they will improve their reading-comprehension skills. Itââ¬â¢s very simple. It is a skill they will have to use all throughout their lives, so itââ¬â¢s best to accept this fact of life as early as possible. Reading every day stimulates oneââ¬â¢s mental capacity for taking in and making sense of information, as well storing it for comprehension. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-68647158641042533462020-02-23T22:50:00.001-08:002020-02-23T22:50:03.216-08:004 QUESTIONS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words4 QUESTIONS - Assignment Example A patent plays a major role in terms of preventing other individuals from selling a given product for a given period. In this case, it is true that patents insulate inventors from rivalry, enabling them to charge higher prices and realize considerable economic profits. In the case of the pharmaceutical company, its revenues and profits will drop considerably once it loses patent protection. Without patent protection, it will be possible for other firms in the marketplace to introduce a similar product in the market, which will rival with the one of the pharmaceutical company. In this case, the company will start realizing reduced economic profits and eventually start counting losses. (Alden, 2014) To mitigate from this situation, it is appropriate for the pharmaceutical company to understand that loss of patents leads to generic competition, which influences future performance of the company. As such, one of the major ways in which the company can mitigate the losses incurred is by remaining dedicated to research and development (R&D) to help it introduce other patents that will raise its competitiveness, productivity, and profitability in the marketplace (Alden, 2014). Price elasticity of demand refers to an economics measure that is used in showing the responsiveness of demand to changes in prices of goods and services when other factors are held constant. It reflects a percentage change in the overall quantity demanded based on a one percent price change holding other factors constant. For the restaurant situated close to the college, the price elasticity of demand for local residents is lower compared to that of college students who are in session for about nine months every year. In this case, for the firm to raise its revenue, it needs to devise pricing strategies, which will help it raise revenues regardless of whether the price elasticity of demand for college students is higher (This Matter, 2015). In this case, it is Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-55382372573918521962020-02-07T15:37:00.001-08:002020-02-07T15:37:02.950-08:00Research Literature Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsResearch Literature Synthesis - Essay Example One such way in the education sector, is information and communication technology, which has caused a shift in the process of learning. The integration of information and communication technology in the learning sector has promoted instant recovery of many learning centers, thereby causing a shift in learning outcomes. Application of information technology into the learning sector requires skills and transformation of the labor sector to match technological requirements. This remains a significant challenge according to Galanouli, Murphy and Gardner (2004), in application of technology, as most instructors are not well equipped with technological variations. Consequently, the cost of introducing the new devices in learning institutions and training of instructors has remained a challenge. This is because the old dogs take a longer time to grasp matters of new technology and adapt into the system. In as much as traditional methods of learning helped in nurturing proficient students, a dvancement into the new era of technology required a change. This factor has called on many learning institutions, to come up with various ways, to match the technological demand (Galanouli, Murphy & Gardner 2004). ... Some other areas that also find educational assistance in the school include the town of Rancho Viejo and other areas such as Cameron County, Raide Hope king, South point, San Pedro. This makes it the largest school in the metropolitan area of Rio Grande Valley. Academically the school has made landmark achievements producing some of the best economists and other prominent people in the world. Consequently, it has won various awards because of the outstanding work it has done to propel the level of education. In 2008, for instance, the institution won the urban education Broad Prize, an award only given to schools that have made enormous improvements in student performance, instituted viable educational policy measures and has closed the widening gap in the educational sector (Knezek & Christensen, 2002). This can be through various educational support programmes, which include encouraging students and offering financial assistance. In as much as the institution has done much to impr ove the educational standards, the question behind the application of information technology in the institution has remained unanswered. This is due to the limited attention given to introduction of new learning materials according to Groff & Mouza 2008. It should also not be refuted that the institution has tried by installing new learning devices such as projectors and personal computers. Brownsville Independent School District (BISD) uses a system of curriculum discharge, which encourages easier understanding. This incorporates division of learning activities into three main areas. This includes written curriculum, which mainly encourage student participation through conducting assignments and taking decisive notes. In as much as the Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-38969531138933965292020-01-29T10:08:00.001-08:002020-01-29T10:08:04.417-08:00English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay Example for Free English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay English Views of Native Americans during Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World During the 16th and 17th century, as settlers from Europe continued to flock to the New World, technologies were being introduced that affected English views of Native Americans and how they saw Catholic, or more specifically, Spanish treatment of the Natives. Many countries wanted superiority in the Americas and to do that they needed more colonists and support from their homelands. To accomplish these goals different means were employed. For England, the New World settlements served a variety of purposes. To secure investors through stock purchases by showing them they would be well rewarded, attract new colonists, and to expand Protestantism in the New World to combat the Catholic movement in the Americas (text 38). Helping in these goals were new technologies that created some of the first propaganda. Many people in Europe feared the Native Americans, thinking of them as savage and uncivilized. Unrest and this fear among the people probably caused many to avoid even entertaining the thought of transplanting themselves and their family to an unknown continent. In 1588 Thomas Harriot published the first pamphlet about life in the New World. Describing great weather, fruitful land, and a wealth of goods these writings encouraged people to travel across the Atlantic. Along with him, painter John White, portrayed the Native Americans as a peaceful people that could easily coexist with Europeans. Taking liberties from these paintings, Theodore de Bry, a protestant from Belgium, made copperplate engravings of civilized Indians. These pictures and views of the Natives had a widespread appeal across England and alleviated fears of the New World which encouraged more settlers to take the voyage and more investors to purchase stock in colonizing companies. One of the biggest battles in the New World was between Catholic and Protestants to control the Americas. During this time Spain was the envy of Europe. With a large navy they were one of the most powerful armies in the world, wealthy, and boasted many colonies in the New World. Several countries, especially England, looked upon Spain with disdain. England being a Protestant country and Spain Catholic did nothing but increase the tension. Public opinion was very important in this power struggle. In 1598 Theodore de Bry republished Bartolome de Casaââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (text 38-39)â⬠which helped win supporters for the Protestant movement and Englandââ¬â¢s prerogative in the Americas. Originally this book was written in 1541 about Spanish mistreatment of the Indians. De Casaââ¬â¢s writing along with de Bryââ¬â¢s graphic illustrations horrified people of the torture and killing of Indians by the Spaniards. The Protestants saw the Catholics as agents of the devil who needed to be purged from society in the New World. Ironically this thinking was hypocritical as almost all countries, including England, mistreated the Native Americans throughout colonization and for centuries to come. Many travel accounts were written over the years that portrayed a frightening and exciting New World to the Europeans. While most of these accounts were written based on opinion and very little facts, they had an important place among society and were very powerful in swaying peopleââ¬â¢s opinions about Native Americans, the New World, and rival European nations. New technologies of publishing and illustrating at the time helped spread these documents ideas and opinions faster than ever and we saw for possibly the first time ever a propaganda war. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-79191274216384093502020-01-21T06:32:00.001-08:002020-01-21T06:32:02.761-08:00Fetal Cell Transplants :: essays research papers Transplanting fetal cells is an issue that is considered by some as a like saver, and at the same time considered murder by others. It is a very controversial subject, which can be looked at in different ways. Once researched, people make their own personal opinion on the subject. Many who develop their own ââ¬Å"viewsâ⬠have no background knowledge of it, which should not be done. After reading, ââ¬Å"Difficult Decisions: Fetal Cell Transplants,â⬠I have developed my own opinion. à à à à à In certain situations, it is almost the right thing to do, in my mind. Many children are the result of an ââ¬Å"accidentâ⬠. A portion of those fetuses are aborted. By donating, you can help save a life. In the United States alone, 1.5 million fetuses are aborted each year. Why not put then to use? à à à à à I think that the choice should be available if the mother decides to do so. If someone very close to you, or even you were dying, and the doctor said, ââ¬Å"Because of a previous fetus donation, we may be able to save you.â⬠Would your decision about the transplants change? Iââ¬â¢m sure anyone would go against their beliefs to save the life of someone close to them; itââ¬â¢s almost like a reflex. à à à à à There are certain cases where I have an opposite opinion. For example, when someone uses it to decrease aging, it really wasnââ¬â¢t needed, and it probably could have been put to better use for someone who needed it. God made everyone to age and eventually die, so that process should go on as it is. Just because you may disagree with the idea, doesnââ¬â¢t mean it canââ¬â¢t be an option for others. à à à à à Sometimes pregnancies werenââ¬â¢t meant to happen, like if somebody was raped. The child is either going to be put up for adoption, where there is a chance that life could be miserable, or it would be aborted. The child is not actually developed enough to consider it murder although some may think differently. Dr. Lister, Orthopedics, says, ââ¬Å" Abortions are something that take place regardless, professionally or not. The possibility of donating a newly conceived fetus to help save another should be open. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-70361451567516216362020-01-13T02:56:00.001-08:002020-01-13T02:56:03.153-08:00A Different History by Sujata Bhatt Notes EssayThe poet explores the relationship between cultural identity and language. When you speak a language you also learn its culture. Lines 19 and 20 sum up the theme. Which language has not been the oppressorââ¬â¢s tongue? When another country is the conquerer, that country brings its language and culture to those who are conquered. SUMMARY ââ¬ËA Different Historyââ¬â¢ is in two linked parts: lines 1-18, then lines 19-29. The first stanza draws the link between western and Indian culture as Pan, the Greek god also exists through Indian gods and goddesses that roam freely. She points out the difference as well in the way Indians treat books with much respect, in order not to disturb or offend Sarasvati or the tree from which the paper comes. Stanza 2 returns to the idea of a foreign language; all languages, it says, have once been the language of an invader or an oppressor, but despite this there always comes a time when younger and newer generations not only speak the oppressorââ¬â¢s language but they actually come to love it. TONE (Tone means the attitude of the poet) At first the tone is critical of the culture of the west (e.g. the way the west does not show respect for books). Later the tone is accepting. She says that once people have assimilated the new culture, the later generations love the language and culture. STRUCTURE The poem is divided into two stanzas with each dealing with a different idea on language and culture. The visual arrangement of lines differ in the two stanzas. In stanza 1, the different indented lines give a wavy appearance to suggest perhaps the idea of gods roaming freely and to match the humour in the stanza. The second stanza has all the lines indented similarly as the author conveys the serious message that all languages are imposed by the oppressor. RHYTHM The rhythm matches the content. The enjambment (run-on lines) in stanza 1 gives a light-hearted, tripping rhythm. In stanza 2, the rhythm is insistent as the poet uses rhetorical questions and the mood turns serious. IMAGERY POINT: Stanza 1 begins by comparing the Greek and Indian gods. Next the poem focuses on the reverential attitude towards books in India. QUOTE| EFFECT| Great Pan is not dead;he simply emigrated To India| Meaning- Pan the Greek god of nature also exists in India. The effect is that cross-cultural links happen. | Here, the gods roam freely Disguised as snakes or monkeys | The poet refers to Indian gods in the form of snakes or monkeys. | And it is a sinto be rude to a book(repeated 4 times) | By repeating ââ¬Ëit is a sinââ¬â¢ the effect is of persuasion and emphasis. Repetition in a pattern of three or more is a persuasive device. She uses strong words ââ¬Ëshoveââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëslamââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëtossââ¬â¢ to stress that ill-treating books is sinful to the Indians because they have a reverence for knowledge.| You must learn how to turn the pages gentlywithout disturbing Sarasvati, without offending the treefrom whose wood the paper was made| The word ââ¬Ëwithoutââ¬â¢ is repeated for emphasis. In India, books are handled carefully ââ¬Ëgentlyââ¬â¢ to show respect for Sarasvati, the Hindu goddess of Knowledge, and for the trees where the gods are. | *Pan- In Greek religion and mythology, Pan is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, mountains, hunting Sarasvati ââ¬â the Hindu goddess of Knowledge presides over the arts and is frequently worshipped in libraries. POINT: Stanza 2 the poet states that every while every language has come from the conquering nations and is at first resisted, it is later embraced by the future generations. QUOTE| EFFECT| Which language has not been the oppressorââ¬â¢s tongue?| This rhetorical question ( a question that does not need an answer because the answer isà obvious) contains the main idea of the poem ââ¬â all languages have once been the language of an invader or an oppressor. | Which language Truly meant to murder someone?| The repetition ââ¬Ëwhich languageââ¬â¢ is another rhetorical question which does not need an answer as it is obvious that language does not intentionally kill people.| that after the torture, after the soul has been croppedwith a long scythe swooping out of the conquerorââ¬â¢s face-| The poet now explains that it is the soul or the culture that is destroyed by the conqueror. The metaphor of the ââ¬Ëlong scythe swooping outââ¬â¢ is an image of the brutal destruction of the culture of the oppressed and replacing it with the culture of the conqueror. | the unborn grandchildrengrow to love that strange language| The poet concedes that ironically over many generations, the oppressed people come round to speaking the conquerorââ¬â¢s language and what is more to embracing its culture. She points out the irony of history.| Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-34804417341653229272020-01-04T23:20:00.001-08:002020-01-04T23:20:02.953-08:00A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Paper - 901 Words I. Intro paragraph a. Hook: In the Irish American community of Brooklyn in the 1900ââ¬â¢s, immigrants faced discrimination and crushing poverty b. In the world that Betty Smith describes in ââ¬Å"A Tree Grows in Brooklynâ⬠however, this poverty is depicted as a kind of virtue, a force that causes individuals to grow, and families to bond c. Yet, while female characters like Katie and Francie grow from overcoming the hardships brought on by poverty, Francieââ¬â¢s father Johnny Nolan is defeated by it and ends up dying of alcoholism. In the 1900ââ¬â¢s, gender roles and social expectations of men and women were more rigid than today, and both sexes were supposed to stay within gender boundaries d. In telling the story of Katie andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦But poor Johnny just wouldnââ¬â¢t harden.â⬠(P.98) iii. Johnny grew up with the gender stereotype of the man of the house being the ââ¬Å"breadwinnerâ⬠, and in the Irish American community in Brooklyn, he cannot fulfill this role. III. 2ND Body paragraph i. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work ii. In contrast, Katie, Francieââ¬â¢s mother, is able to overcome poverty because she breaks down the gender stereotypes of what a married woman should do in her time; Katie goes out of the house to work. At that time, were expected to stay home and be cared for while caring for the children iii. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work. Thus, as she faces poverty, we see Katie rise to the challenge by being flexible. In contrast to Johnny, she is able to experience poverty as a learning experience and change. At one point she says to passersby, ââ¬Å"Look at that tree growing up there out of that grating. It gets no sun, and water only when it rains. Itââ¬â¢s growing out of sour earth. And itââ¬â¢s strong because its hard struggle to live is making it strong. My children wil l be strong that way.â⬠IV. 3RD Body paragraph a. Johnny and Katie Nolan, exemplify a theme of gender difference in the overcoming of poverty for immigrants i. Katie is flexible and able to adapt, so she eventually obtains a better life. She does not stayShow MoreRelated The Necessity of Violence in Native Son by Richard Wright Essay1498 Words à |à 6 Pagesnothing else to care about, nothing he can call his own, no chance to explore any of his potential. Thus, he turns to violence as an expression of identity which is what his reaction to reading the newspaper expresses. When he reads the article in the paper, he exclaims to his mother, No! Jan didnt help me! He didnt have a damned thing to do with it! I - I did it! (Wright 283). 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And this was in the early 1970sââ¬âafter Bob Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-42299926964301471212019-12-27T19:44:00.001-08:002019-12-27T19:44:02.831-08:00Colorectal Cancer Cancer And Cancer - 2998 Words Cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the body uncontrollably replicate forming a malignant tumor that invades nearby tissues. It has the capability to affect any part of the body and spread to tissues throughout the body. There are many different types of cancers including rectal cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and skin cancer. Rectal cancer is a disease in which cancer cells develop and form in the tissues of the rectum. Rectal cancer is typically classified with colon cancer where they are collectively called colorectal cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and the third most common cancer in men and in women (CDC, 2014). Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly cancer diagnosed in men and second in females worldwide (Jemal, 2011). Certain ethnicities such as blacks have an increased chance of having colorectal cancer compared to whites an d other races. Colorectal cancer also has a higher incidence in men versus in women. It has been noted that about 90 percent of colorectal cancers are diagnosed in patients who are at the age of 50 and older. Two-thirds of these patients that were diagnosed were older than 65 years old. (Haggstrom, 2013). 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Currently, several innovative individuals globally are seeking to utilise more rapid and thorough strategies for the management of colorectal cancer. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) is one of the most popularised methods of managing the disease in some selected patients. Peritoneal carcinomatosis Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-73087486899741606642019-12-19T15:32:00.001-08:002019-12-19T15:32:03.535-08:00Britain s Political And Religious Structure During The... Between the years 1529-1588 and in the Tudor era, Britain saw perhaps the biggest changes in its political and religious structure in its history. It changed from Catholicism to Protestantism, then back and back again. It also saw major changes in who ran the country, with more involvement from parliament. Different chief ministers (including Thomas Cromwell) had different impacts on Britain and the monarch, and the influence of them will be assessed in this essay. Thomas Wolsey was born in 1475, and rose his way the top. Before being made a cardinal, he became a priest and a successful politician, and he was the almoner (in charge of distributing funds to the poor) when Henry came to the throne in 1509. Wolsey held several important positions. He was the Bishop of Lincoln, Canon of Windsor and also Prince Bishop of Durham. One accomplishment that Wolsey is particularly remembered for, is organising the Field of The Cloth Of Gold. This was a festival planned to celebrate the alliance between England and France, with both monarchs, Henry VIII and Francis I strengthening their relationship. The treaty of London was also a huge accomplishment for Wolsey, as he was the one who designed the 1518 treaty. It was a non-aggression pact between the major European nations, (France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands), all of whom agreed not to attack one another and come to aid if needed. Though it was not always s uccessful in stopping someShow MoreRelatedââ¬Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Eraâ⬠5448 Words à |à 22 Pagescentury. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era, the first period in English and British history to be named after a reigning monarch. Renaissance literally means rebirth. It refers especially to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century, spread to the north, including England, by the sixteenth century, and ended in the north in the mid-seventeenth century (earlier in Italy). During this periodRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words à |à 61 PagesRethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, the British Empire, and the Atlantic World in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author(s): Steve Pincus Reviewed work(s): Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 3-34 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0003 . Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the TermsRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words à |à 160 PagesHandbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. à ©2004 by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission providedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, ele ctronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-48560066779155187522019-12-11T12:15:00.001-08:002019-12-11T12:15:02.960-08:00Midwife Practice Knowledge and Skills Question: Discuss about theMidwife Practicefor Knowledge and Skills. Answer: Introduction The midwifery skills require appropriate knowledge and skills to maintain the patients quality of life. This assignment is related to demonstrate the incident and personal experience related to the incident. There comes many occasions when midwives have to go through ethical and moral problems as well as have to recognize the importance of the role of the midwife. This reflective essay is based on the case study of a patient named as X. She is a 28 years old women with gravida para 1. Leaking liquor was noticed in her urine. The patient starts to feel increased leaking sensations and contraction pain. Once the fetal head was delivered it got recoiled in the perineum and turtle necking occur. This kind of situation is very difficult for the healthcare professional, and if the baby is not delivered within 5 minutes then chances of brain damage in child increases. Such difficult situations challenge the role of midwives and can also prepare them to for future challenges. Through this re flective essay I will attempt to evaluate the experience as a midwives student and how such experience can be helpful for future practice. Description of Care The patient X involved in this case is a 28 years old pregnant woman, who has been experiencing liquor leaking and pain. During the acute pain and delivery process, the head of the baby recoils against the perineum of mother. The turtle sign is identified, when the head of the baby suddenly retracts back, while it was emerging through vagina. This means that the cheeks of the baby bulges out, which resembles to the turtle pulling its head back into its shell. However, the delivery of the baby was done through McRoberts maneuver. This time is very difficult for the healthcare professionals and mainly for the midwife, who is committed to provide personal support and assistance to the women before and during delivery (Adams, 2015). Delivery of the baby is not easy and professionals as well as the mother have to face many challenges during the process of delivery (Aune, Amundsen, Aas, 2014). In the given case study turtle necking occur, which calls for the immediate professional care and quality interventions otherwise the life of the baby be in danger. The major danger is to face shoulder dystocia during turtle necking. This is the situation, where shoulder of the baby stuck in the pelvis or symphysis pubis (the pubic bone)of mother. Understanding the variations of shoulder dystocia is very important for the midwives. Acknowledgment of Feelings and Thoughts The role of midwife is to work in coordination with other professionals. During this case in Patient Xs situation, I felt very terrified, as the life of baby is very important. I concentrated on the skills and knowledge that I gained from my midwifery degree. This knowledge encourages midwives to consider patient safety and understand the variations and types of shoulder dystocia. The learning resources for midwives help to focus on the problems and how to solve them. I believe that role of midwife is to save the life by taking accurate action for problem solving. During the delivery of baby I felt terrified on the first place, it is because the life of baby was in danger and any delay in the appropriate intervention can result in severe brain and physical injuries in child. However, women are amazing and they are capable of delivering their babies with difficult challenges as well. Thus, later I felt that I am very lucky that I got a chance to take part in such delivery and all my fear was gone when I concentrated on knowledge I have gained, which says that there are many bizarre birth positions, delivery situations and movements, but still instinctive pelvic movementscan result in riskless deliveries. Baby need some time to come in comfortable position and appropriate knowledge and skills of the midwives can reduce the risk (Code of ethics for midwives in Australia, 2008). Thus, I felt happy to participate in this challenging delivery. Shoulder dystocia is a very unpredictable situation and healthcare professionals have to be prepared for such unpredictable situations. The role of professional communication and working in coordination is also important. This delivery experience helped me to enhance my nursing skills and supporting patients. Evaluation of Care Midwife is the person, who is recognized as being accountable and responsible professionals, who works in partnership with other women, who require care, support and advice during their period of pregnancy, labour, delivery, conducting birth of babies, postpartum period, and offering appropriate care to the new born. The role of midwife is to apply preventive measures and promote the birth of baby through normal delivery, detecting any kind of complications if appear, accessing appropriate assistance from other healthcare professionals and carrying emergency measures. The incident that took place was very challenging or me. My duty was to identify the problem and inform the professionals to seek their assistance. As, the turtle necking occurred, it was important to understand that such problem has occurred and require appropriate measure. It is appropriate to monitor each and every change in the condition of woman and baby. As the babys head appeared with puffed cheeks, it was obvious that turtle necking has occurred, which can result in shoulder dystocia (Politi et al, 2010). This case was beneficial to display the importance of team work and leadership. By seeing the problem, the whole team was activated and all the nursing professionals displayed good communication and effective team work. Thus, it was beneficial to take part in such case and enhance the skills and knowledge for future practice. However, this experience could have been detrimental, if I would have not focused on the patients and childs safety. But, good and effective team work was a very beneficial factor in resolving the problem of Shoulder dystocia. Analysis Shoulder dystocia can be a very serious and significant cause of neonatal and maternal injury. This kind of situation is characterized as a severe obstetrical emergency that complicates between 0.2% and 4.0% of vaginal births in the United States (Robins, 2012). Shoulder dystocia is the problem that occurs, when shoulder of the baby is failed to be delivered spontaneously. And from this situation I learnt that role of midwife is very important and additional maneuvers by the midwives in order to facilitate safe delivery for the child. The main risk associated with this kind of delivery is of substantial neonatal injuries and morbidities. This kind of problem requires working effectively and in coordination with team. According to Smith et al, (2013), there is limited research available on the topic about the factors that make women vulnerable to the risk of such delivery, and mainly such incidents occur in women, who do not display any signs of such problem. Thus, such cases are very beneficial for getting practical knowledge. The delivery done in this case was through McRoberts maneuver. It is important for the safe birth. Before that I learnt that it is important to give significant time to the child to adjust the shoulder (Simic, 2014). Sometime within five minutes child can take the necessary position and can come out easily, but if in five minutes it does not come in normal position then necessary professional assistance is required. I learnt that in such cases midwives should take immediate action. Not to make the bad situation worse, it is important to remember that babys shoulder should not be pulled. It is because pulling is the most common mistake that midwives do because they panic. Also continuous communication with the patient is very important. I learnt that continuous communication with the patient may reduce their stress and provide the support during difficult time. Action Plan According to Robins (2012) Midwives and physicians are entrusted as gatekeepers for the safety and wellbeing of the mother and infant during the birth process. When there are any kind of adverse outcomes of mortality or morbidity in the patient or the fetus, such situation can be very distressing for the healthcare professionals as well (Schneider, Whitehead, 2013). Thus, taking appropriate care and applying the knowledge and skills in the correct way are important to fulfill the duty of care (Borrelli, 2014). Midwives also have the role of educating people and counseling them (Code of professional conduct for midwives in Australia, 2008), thus I learn that communication with patient, as well as inter-professional communication is necessary for working in accordance to provide quality care and support (Yznaga, 2013). For the future action plan I would concentrate on patient and childs safety. I would concentrate on changing condition of patient, with regular communication and monitoring condition (Thelin, Lundgren, Hermansson, 2014). According the Code of professional conduct for the Midwives in Australia (2008), Midwives focus on a womans health needs, her expectations and aspirations, supporting the informed decision making of each woman. Thus, my focus will also on the health and safety of patient and will consider her expectation and dignity while practicing. Conclusion The role of midwife is very important in nursing and healthcare practice. This role is mainly dedicated to the pregnant mother, postpartum care and fetus safety. This role also includes attaining unsurpassed skills and experience. The case presented in this reflective essay helped me to gain great experience regarding complex deliveries. I learnt to appropriately demonstrate the duties of the midwife and gained experience and knowledge for future practices. I discussed the points that were beneficial to be learnt through this case and how complications can occur due to ignorance or getting panic. I would be able to practice in safe and competent manner in future. References Adams, M. C. (2015). A documentation standard for the maternal and child health nurse inVictoria. Aune, I., Amundsen, H. H., Aas, L. C. S. (2014). Is a midwife's continuous presence during childbirth a matter of course? Midwives' experiences and thoughts about factors that may influence their continuous support of women during labour.Midwifery,30(1), 89-95. Borrelli, S. E. (2014). What is a good midwife? Insights from the literature.Midwifery,30(1), 3-10. Code of professional conduct for midwives in Australia. (2008). Nursing and Midwifery Boardof Australia. Retrieved From: file:///C:/Users/Master/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---Codes-and-Guidelines---Code-of-professional-conduct-for-midwives---August-2008.PDF Code of ethics for midwives in Australia. (2008). Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Retrieved From: file:///C:/Users/Master/Downloads/Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---Codes-and-Guidelines---Code-of-ethics-for-midwives---August-2008.PDF Politi, S., D?Emidio, L., Cignini, P., Giorlandino, M., Giorlandino, C. (2010). Shoulder dystocia: an Evidence-Based approach.Journal of prenatal medicine,4(3), 35. Robins, K. (2012). Psychological trauma of nurse-midwives following shoulder dystociacomplicated by neonatal morbidity or mortality. Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013).Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisalfor evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. Smith, L. A., Price, N., Simonite, V., Burns, E. E. (2013). Incidence of and risk factors forperineal trauma: a prospective observational study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,13(1), 1. Simic, L. (2014). Birth Story.Performance Research,19(4), 24-30. Thelin, I. L., Lundgren, I., Hermansson, E. (2014). Midwives' lived experience of caringduring childbirtha phenomenological study.Sexual Reproductive Healthcare,5(3), 113-118. Yznaga, E. (2013). Interprofessional Roles Shoulder Dystocia: Maximizing Safety in Community Hospitals. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-55823199459090858342019-12-03T23:57:00.001-08:002019-12-03T23:57:04.834-08:00Public And Private Schooling Essays - Education, Youth, School Public And Private Schooling As American support for the public education system dwindles, many parents find the only place for their children to receive a quality education is in a private school. The areas that are most important to a private school are also the ones that seem to be lacking in public schools. These include safety, order, teaching the basics and challenging young minds. Across the nation, public education systems continue to fail students, therefore many have chosen, like myself, to attend private Catholic high schools to receive an education that will better prepare them for college. Overcrowded public high schools have been dealt with the problems of insufficient funding, large class sizes, students who simply refuse to learn and are disruptive. Due to an increase in violent acts committed, many public high schools have instituted low level security measures to ensure the safety of students. The types of security found in these schools include closed campuses, controlled access to the school building and grounds, random drug and metal detector, banning certain types of clothing, and either full or part time security guards have been assigned. How can students be expected to learn and teachers educate in an environment like this? Through personal experience I have found out that it is almost impossible to focus on learning in an atmosphere that is forced to emphasize personal safety rather than education. My first eight years of education were spent at area public schools in and around Chicago, IL. During this time I witnessed approximately 100 fights, 3 teachers being assaulted by students and numerous drug and weapons arrests. Many of these acts were merely boyish fights and left no lasting impression. One incident that has scarred me for life was when a student came to school with a five-inch knife and proceeded to stab an administrator in front of approximately seventy students, myself included. I simply stood there not knowing what to do, too shocked to blink, too terrified to move. The victim recovered fully and the perpetrator, who at the time was fifteen, is now in jail. Is this the atmosphere that children should be placed in to receive the fundamental elements of education that will prepare them for high school and eventually college? There is enough concern about the quality of education in public schools that many private schools have been bombarded with applications in recent years. This is the case with my alma mater, Saint Mary's High School. Run by the Archdiocese of Chicago, it is a small, coeducational, Catholic school located in downtown Chicago, IL. With a graduating class of less than 150, Saint Mary's fosters a college curriculum with small controlled classes and an emphasis on personal, intellectual and religious growth all in a morally sound environment unlike anything found in public schools. The problems facing many public schools are non-existent at most private schools. They have no need to institute security measures because discipline is not a problem. Students know that the school board can expel anyone that hinders learning in the classroom. Disruptive and violent actions are taken seriously and are not tolerated under any circumstance. At Saint Mary's there are various types of honors courses designed for students that have specific interest in a particular subject. There is also a program set up for students to receive not only tutoring but instruction from Midshipmen attending the United States Naval Academy, located only a few blocks from the high school. This type of program not found in any public or private school is one that places Saint Mary's on a far superior level. For those who choose not to take any honors courses there is a challenging curriculum that places students in small classes therefore making learning a very personal experience between teacher and student. I found the most intriguing part of attending Saint Mary's was the emphasis they placed on religion. From the classroom to the athletic field students know that they are representing not only there family but Saint Mary's High School and the whole Archdiocese of Chicago. The mandatory religion classes taught were not focused on right and wrong but how to improve your own personal view of life. They challenged us to "Walk in the shadow of God" and learn from His teachings. Students at Saint Mary's are committed to serving the community and those in need, not to enhance a resume but because they truly want to. Private schools across the nation have fewer disciplinary problems than public schools because they can be selective in whom they choose to Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-1190707557428326222019-11-27T20:38:00.001-08:002019-11-27T20:38:04.048-08:00APA Style Term PaperAPA Style Term Paper APA Style Term Paper APA Style Term Paper APA style term paper is one of the widely used format for term paper writing. Before writing term paper, you are welcome to examine the following term paper writing tips: One of the main term paper requirements is that the term paper should be typed. While typing your academic term paper in Microsoft Word, use a default setting of the computer. If you don't know the length of your academic term paper you should ask your tutor about this.à The title of the English term paper should be centered but not underline. Use 12 point Times New Roman or Arial font. In the bottom corner of the term paper write personal data (your name, course, date, etc.) The layout should be general. Do not include too many quotations; it certainly will not improve your academic term paper. Every page should have centered title at the top of the term paper. Use double spacing format. Using in-text citation requires a reference page at the end of the term paper. In-text citations may be both direct quotations and paraphrases. Both must be cited on the reference page, otherwise, you will be accused in plagiarism. Quotations may be short as well as long. Quotation should be less than 40 words. The direct quotation should be enclosed in brackets (à ) and reference information should be placed close to it, for example (Andrew, 1999). Keep in mind that different methods of citation make your work more interesting to read. Paraphrases usually go at the end of the line of your work. APA does not require page numbers, but your tutor probably does. Author/Year of work is the general format, if author is not known than following this format Title/Year of work. If you do not know the date of publication, you use (n.d. - no date. You should note down references as you conduct your research. Remember, references should be double spaced. The reference page should be alphabetized by author's name and the title of the work. Don't write 'The' when compiling a reference list. If you used Internet sources while writing term paper, give a complete URL address and the date of access. While writing term paper, avoid repetition of the words. The academic term paper will look thoughtless with the same words within several sentences. You should also avoid repetition of the ideas. If this was noticed the tutor would conclude that you have a lack of clarity of thought. Avoid these mistakes.à Custom Written Term Paper Not all students have time and skills to write a great term paper.à We are here to help these students with term paper writing.à We offer only custom service - it means that your term paper is not copy/pasted from internet, it is written in accordance to your instructions.à No late deliveries at .com!à No plagiarism! Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-52085570019928855512019-11-24T04:13:00.001-08:002019-11-24T04:13:02.954-08:00Negative Structures in EnglishNegative Structures in English There are a number of negatives structures in English ranging from basic negative sentences to the more complicated neither ... nor and not ... either. Learn the most common negative structures by following the rules below. Negative Verb Conjugation The most common negative structure in English is the conjugation of the verb in the negative. Verbs can be used in the negative by placing not directly after the auxiliary verb in each conjugation. The combination of the auxiliary verb not is often contracted in English. For example: do not dont, will not wont, has not hasnt, etc. S auxiliary verb not main verb objects She wont come to the party tomorrow.Tom hasnt finished the report.We arent studying Russian this semester. Negative Imperative The imperative form is used to instruct / command others. Use do not plus the verb for all comparative forms. No subject is required for the use of the imperative form. Do not verb objects Do not begin without me.Dont waste any time.Do not touch the glass. Never Never is used to express the idea that something is never done. Note that never is used with positive form of the verb but results in a negative meaning. Its also important to remember that the present simple and past simple do not take an auxiliary verb in the positive form. In other words, use the auxiliary verb for the present perfect, future, etc., but not with the present or past simple. S (auxiliary verb) never verb objects She never takes time off work.Mary has never returned my calls.Peter never walked to school when he was young. Double Negatives in English Double negatives - the use of two no words such as not and nowhere in one sentence - are incorrect in English. When modifying something use either a no word, or any as explained in the following sections. He doesnt like anything. OR He likes nothing.Angela hasnt visited anyone this month. OR Angela has visited no one this month.She isnt going to travel anywhere. OR Shes going to travel nowhere. Use of Any Any and words such as anyone, anybody, anything, etc. are used in negative sentences and questions. S auxiliary verb not main verb any objects He doesnt have any time.Mary isnt going to eat any dinner.Peter hasnt done anything for the past three days. No Words There are a number of no words such as nowhere, nothing, no one, which can be used in place of any words. Note the difference in structure between the two. Any words take the negative verb structure, no words take positive structures. S (auxiliary verb) main verb no word objects I have nothing to say.No more / not ...à any moreThe boys invited no one to their party.Timothy has gone nowhere this summer. Negative Any OR No Word The following sections refer to specific similar structures using either the negative verb form with any or a no word. In each of these cases examples are given for both forms. The forms used have been explained above. I have no more time today. OR I dont have any more time today.She has thought of no more ideas. OR She hasnt thought of any more ideas. Nobody / not ... anybody Note: This has the same meaning as no one / not ... anyone. Susan saw nobody at work today. OR Susan didnt see anyone at work today.Tom bought nobody a present. OR Tom didnt buy anyone a present. No one / not ... anyone Note: This has the same meaning as no body / not ... anybody. Im meeting no one today. OR Im not meeting anyone today.Alice has bought no one presents yet. OR Alice hasnt bought anyone presents yet. Nothing / not ... anything Ive eaten nothing all day. OR I havent eaten anything all done.Doug talks about nothing with his friends. OR Doug doesnt talk about anything with his friends. Nowhere / not ... anywhere Shelly has gone nowhere this year. OR Shelly hasnt gone anywhere this year.Alex has travelled nowhere outside of the USA. OR Alex hasnt travelled anywhere outside of the USA. Neither ... Nor Use the phrase neither ... nor when expressing two negatives together. Note that the verb is inverted after the use of nor. I have neither the time nor have I had the desire to do my work.She has neither the time nor the money to help her friends.Alex has neither the means nor does he have the ability to find a new job. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-29353370652518791422019-11-21T06:33:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:33:15.025-08:00The Regina Manifesto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsThe Regina Manifesto - Essay Example The party was founded in 1932 by socialists, agrarian and labour groups who sought reprieve following the great depression that hit most of the worldââ¬â¢s economies. Among the major groups that founded the party, include farmersââ¬â¢ organisations mainly the United Farmers of Alberta, academics from the League for Social Reconstruction and members of parliament allied to farmer and trade union organisations. The Regina manifesto is regarded as the founding document adopted by the cooperative commonwealth federation in 1933 during its initial national convention (Turner 320). The convention was held at Regina in Saskatchewan thus the name and the platform that is the Regina manifesto served as a stamp from the intellectuals who sought change. The document highlighted a new social order that would wipe out the existing capitalist system through economic planning, which would replace the profit motive of democratic control of natural resources and the means of production. It woul d also be achieved using political power to establish economic equality and social justice for all. The manifesto, in essence, aimed at eradicating the capitalist system and establishing a socialist economy. The manifesto laid down a wide variety of goals that it believed were necessary in alleviating the suffering on its citizens caused by the great depression at the time. The goals included public ownership of industries, universal pension and health care services, compensation for workers, unemployment insurance among others. As such, CCF became an alternative to the liberal and conservative parties by offering party policies and hope to Canadians who were struggling to cope with harsh economic times. The manifesto strongly condemned the capitalist system for what was termed as inherent injustice, inhumanity, chaotic waste, and economic instability. The capitalist system was also accused of domination with exploitation of one social class by another based on wealth. The replaceme nt of capitalism with a new social order through the Regina manifesto outlined how life of all Canadians would improve following the establishment of the national planning commission, which would be responsible for leading the socialisation of a variety of industries (ââ¬Å"The Regina Manifesto...â⬠). The document also aimed at acknowledging family farming as the basis of agricultural production and pledged financial support through social control of the financial system. Moreover, the CCF through their manifesto, proposed the establishment of a welfare system, which would ensure protection of industrial workers through collective bargaining and regulation of government wages. This would ensure a uniform code in the labour sector and thus equality. The welfare system would also establish an emergency program to cope with unemployment while coordinating an equitable taxation system throughout Canada. This would be facilitated by an instant review of the federal and provincial p rovenience of revenue. The manifesto also pledged the humanisation of the legal system, which would see the end of discrimination based on sex while according freedom of speech and assembly to all. In order to achieve the above, CCF established itself within the Canadian politics through the election of members to parliament and provincial legislature institutions. The popularity of the new party grew, as did its membership owing to the new lease of life through their policies. However, the CCF was divided following the outbreak of the Second World War due to the conflict between the uncompromising pacifists and supporters of Canada's entry into the war. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-12012048225997680002019-11-20T07:00:00.001-08:002019-11-20T07:00:07.845-08:00Country Report- Comparative Politics (Tunisia) EssayCountry Report- Comparative Politics (Tunisia) - Essay Example In the modern history, Tunisia has changed into a sovereign republic, named the al-Jumhuriyyah at-Tunisiyyah. Tunisia has over five million people, almost all Arab-Berber descent. The Mediterranean is on the north as well as east of the country, Libya is in the southeast, and Algeria is on the west. Tunis is the capital and the largest metropolis. It is found near the ancient site of the city connected with Carthage. During this time, two presidents, who had a tremendous impact in Tunisian society, have led it. Its first modern leader, President Habib Bourguiba delivered to the place of work hard-won political experience, after several decades connected with service on the list of leadership on the independence mobility. As the actual major figure on the Neo-Destour Celebration, he seemed to be instrumental in obtaining entire independence pertaining to Tunisia in 1956. He dominated government entities until their removal in 1987. Through his decades in place of work, his feats inclu ded the law change, economic procedures which detoured briefly in a socialist way, a mild but steady improvement in lifestyle, and the foreign insurance policy, which retained a private approach even though maintaining buy and sell and financial connections to the west. Benjamin Ali was the President of the Republic throughout 1987, in addition to kept electrical power until this individual was forced to leave in 2011. His economic policies possess emphasized a place orientation. His test at re-approachment using Islamist groups would not meet anticipations. The lording it over party ended up being reorganized. Within his authority, Tunisias economy continued to accomplish at a new pace, which in turn yielded a new moderate although overall regular rate associated with growth. A great independence, mobility lasting many decades gradually prevailed, bringing about the end of the French protectorate. In 1954, the Tunisian wrestled and major civil Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-56266726674780421862019-11-17T20:21:00.001-08:002019-11-17T20:21:03.565-08:00Disabled People and the Rights to Social Citizenship EssayDisabled People and the Rights to Social Citizenship - Essay Example The British government has proffered different definitions of a citizen as components of the various solutions proposed in respect of the extent social, economic and political problems and these solutions have affected the rights of individuals (Young, 1985). The Conservative government under John Major introduced a Citizenââ¬â¢s Charter in order to subject public services to market forces. Accordingly, citizens obtained the right to choose. This development in conjunction with privatization was considered to be the panacea for the ills of the inefficient public services. Citizenship can be perceived either by the individualist approach in which the nature of citizenship is determined by individual choice or the structuralist approach in which the determining factors are social and economic in nature. Further, ââ¬Å"Choice-based theories are exemplified in their purest form by economicsâ⬠¦. In this world, individuals seek to maximize their utility by obtaining the highest ret urn at the minimum cost from any course of action which they undertakeâ⬠(Pattie, Seyd, and Whiteley, 2004, pp 138-139).Consequently, ââ¬Å"Citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. [and who] â⬠¦are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowedâ⬠(Marshall, 1950, p. 28). These rights are of three kinds civil, political or social. The Civil rights are, ââ¬Å"liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts, and the right to justiceâ⬠(Marshall, 1950, p. 10). Political rights comprise of ââ¬Å"the right to participate in the exercise of political powerâ⬠and social rights are ââ¬Å"the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage. Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7153872604779883203.post-11315818839368087042019-11-15T08:52:00.001-08:002019-11-15T08:52:14.258-08:00Effect of Produce Placement in Computer GamesEffect of Produce Placement in Computer Games Product Placement Does Product Placement in Computer Games Affect The Consumerââ¬â¢s Buying Behaviour? Chapter 1 Introduction Can you remember a movie in the cinema without some kind of product placement (a product and/or a brand intentionally placed in a cultural medium (Lehu, Bressoud (2007))? Placing branded products in entertainment media like movies is not a new developed concept. This kind of advertising nowadays is very common. People often ask themselves what exactly advertising is. The term advertising describes any communication effort that might influence consumer purchase decisions (Rotfeld, H. J., 2008). Different types of models can therefore be used like product placement used in movies or in computer games. Everything started with investments in the production of radio programs at the beginning of the 1930s. Consumer product manufacturers tried to reach their target audiences via the radio through so called sponsor-owned shows (Lavin, 1995). Product Placement, also called brand placement and ââ¬Å"brand castingâ⬠, appeared first in motion pictures as early as the late 1940s and early 1950s. One example was in 1948 in the drama Mildred Pierce where an actor in the movie drank Jack Daniels whiskey (Nebenzahl Secunda, 1993). In the beginning, using branded property by donating, loaning or purchasing them for particular movie scenes just to enhance their artistic qualities (Spillman, 1989). Since Reeseââ¬â¢s Pieces appeared in the blockbuster movie E.T. The Extraterrestrial, over 20 years ago, product placement has developed and evolved significantly. That implicated that after the film release, Hersey claimed a 65% increase in sales of Reeseââ¬â¢s Pieces (Karrh, 1998). Today, almost every movie contains product placement. While in the ââ¬Å"James Bondâ⬠-Movies 007 drinks Martini, Will Smith drives a Porsche 911 Turbo in Bad Boys. (Quellen) There could be mentioned thousands of examples like this as today ads in movies are very common. Beside movies, another media based method to reach a wide range of consumers, can be seen in ads turning up in computer games. To date, except for movies or television, attitudes toward product placement in media have received little attention, despite increased product placement in games (Nelson, 2004). Computer and console games are getting more and more interesting for marketers due to todayââ¬â¢s households own at least one PC and playing computer games nowadays is very common. This applies not only for the youngsters in a family but also for their parents who also play games. Computer games are emerging as a new medium for advertising but yet there is comparatively little empirical independent research investigating the outcomes of marketing communications using this medium. Ads in computer games have not a very long tradition like ads in movies but nowadays it is more and more often used. To reach key consumer segments, marketers are turning to games in order to improve their chances. In 2005, advertisers spent $80 million to reach video game players. Experts expect this spending to top $400 by 2009 (Park Associates 2006). Whether it is billboard ads, sponsorship and product placement, or the game character experiencing the product by drinking, wearing, driving or listening to it as a part of the game, the opportunities for branding in computer games are vast (Townsend, J., 2007). While European gamersââ¬â¢ most popular form of entertainment is watching TV, the $25 Billion gaming is even bigger than the $10 Billion film, as well as the $20 Billion home video industry. If we believe analysts from PricewaterhouseCoopers, the worldwide game industry is set to rocket to revenues in 2009 of about $54.6 billion (Ferrand et al., 2006). In regard to those numbers for todayââ¬â¢s companies advertising in computer games has also become important to gain popularity. As 75% of people who have internet access also play online games for more than an hour per month (NEUE STUDIE IGDA Online Games SIG Steering Committee 2005). Another important issue today is subliminal advertising in media. Beginning in 1982 many people were concerned about subliminal messages in rock music claimed that messages had been recorded backward into popular rock music (Vokey Read, 1985). They feared that these messages could be perceived while listening to the music in the normal way. Even in computer games there is advertising that is perceived just incidentally. This might be true for example in racing games. Here might raise the question whether the player perceives billboards while driving with a speed of 130 MPH. Nobody can say if some kind of messages have an impact on our decision making process. Yet no empirical study has explored incidental effects on computer game players by advertising. Furthermore, it has not been investigated if the placement of the ads is designed to be subconsciously processed. 1.2 Reasons for Choice of Topic The topic in this paper was specifically chosen due to the writerââ¬â¢s interest in the area and desire to learn more on the subject of game related advertising issues and effects on the consumer of computer games. 1.3 Research Objectives This paper explores recent developments in the video game market in marketing practice that have resulted in brands being found in an increasing number of computer games. The main target of this investigation is to work out if product placement has any impact on the consumer in terms of the buying behavior and actions that the consumers enforce as a result of brands appearing in computer games. To investigate the prior research question, there will also be investigated if product placement is perceived by the respondents and their attitude towards product placement will be examined. As the subconscious as a component that should not be neglected in terms of subliminal advertising, it should be questioned whether it has any influence on the consumer or not. All these questions are coherent as if people perceive the product placement and have a positive attitude towards product placement it is possible that they subliminally perceive the placements. As all this is coherently, it is also possible, that buying decisions are predicated on these variables. 1.4 Computer Games Limitations Academic and professional literature on gaming often makes distinctions between computer games, video games and electronic games. These boundaries are blurred and moreover the situation is complicated by the availability different types of games. There are console games, PC games, mobile games, handheld games, interactive entertainment and virtual worlds that could be differentiated. Some of these distinctions are made to describe the hardware on which the games are played. Others also refer to a particular characteristic of the medium or the social aspects of playing. This variety of different types of consoles and handhelds is not helpful especially considering that today many games like for example the game Doom can now be played on cell phones, calculators in addition to PCs and tricked out consoles. Creating and using a separate name for each case/instance of a new hardware group would quickly become obstructive. The term ââ¬Å"electronic gamesâ⬠might be too broad as it could also include games that are technically electronic like for example pinball machines. This kind of media is rarely discussed in the context of ââ¬Å"videoâ⬠or ââ¬Å"computer gamesâ⬠. Like a good fit on the other hand seems to be ââ¬Å"computer gamesâ⬠. The term ââ¬Å"computer gamesâ⬠refers to games that are controlled or used by a computer which is a machine that digitally processes data according to a set of instruction. This then again includes a large range of devices that contain an embedded computer. Computer games that use a video display as the primary feedback device can be described by the term ââ¬Å"video gamesâ⬠. Since most of the games discussed in this paper rely on computer monitor or a television screen for the visual playback, ââ¬Å"computer gamesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"video gamesâ⬠will often be used alternately. Below there will also follow a contextual definition while clarifications will be provided when necessary. 1.5 Chapter outline Following from this chapter; chapter two gives a crucial review of the literature available on the chosen subject matter and identifies an apposite theoretical framework for this study. It looks at the issues raised by academics and provides a basis for what has been observed. Chapter three discusses the quantitative methods used in this dissertation to collect the research required. The set up of a questionnaire is depicted as well as the appropriate methods that need to be factored in. Chapter four presents the findings of the primary research undertaken for this dissertation and the findings will be analyzed using content analysis in order to put some figure to the numeric nature of quantitative research. It will present the participantââ¬â¢s answers to the questions asked for the research of this project, and reiterate statements made in the data collection process (questionnaires). Finally in chapter five the research findings and analysis and attempts to draw conclusions from this are considered. To resolve the matters discussed and argued in this paper, the conclusion will help to draw an end to this dissertation. Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Introduction This chapter deals with the academic literature and pre-existing studies on the subject of product placement in computer games and its impact on the consumer. This chapterââ¬â¢s aims and objectives are to afford better clarification of the topic and the variables that affect consumers. Existing studies will be explored further and perhaps bring new understanding to the subject. This is achieved through the way in which this chapter is structured; by looking at the definitions presented by academics of product placement; subliminal advertising; brand recognition and recall; brand equity and trust; considering various studies and selecting the most appropriate ones for this dissertation to prove the research questions. 2.2 Product Placement From the time when movies provided brands in the 1940s and 1950s, they have been served as background scenery as well as props and character developers. Advertising supports media economically, yet for product placements but when the practice began with branded products it was donated, bartered or bought (Nelson et al., 2004). Today, companies generally are paid by film-makers to appear in the movies (Chunovic, 2002) and that change was then being followed in the game industry, too. Brand properties or placements differ from conventional broadcast advertising in leastwise three ways: At first, placements do not suspend the media experience of the consumer like it is done by paid media advertising which operates between media content (Nelson et al., 2004). Secondly, placements are according to Wasko et al. (1993) not always paid by the brand. Thirdly, Nelson et al. (2004) claim that it would be important that placements are not be perceived by consumers as commercial messages. In a public policy debate the extent of the consumer awareness and knowledge about product placements is considered an important measure. Product placements are presented as subversive, subconscious techniques, even though others assert that most consumers are aware of the practice (Nelson et al. 2004). The continuous advances in technology have made it incrementally easier for consumers to circumvent traditional advertising messages. Whether bypassing advertising by switching to another channel via the remote control or VCR and DVR make it necessary for advertisers to find other ways to catch the attention of the consumers to make them buying the companyââ¬â¢s products. One such strategy that marketers have begun to make use of is product placement in entertainment media (Lee, Faber, 2007). 2.3 Definition of games and information about the people playing them While taking all the time about games; what is a game in the sense used in this paper? Jesper Juul (2003), a video game theorist, investigated seven well-known definitions of games which have been provided by different academics. Based on a screened listing of features which describes issues that are necessary for something to be a game, he then identifies it as ââ¬Å"a rule-based system with a variable and quantifiable outcome, where different outcomes are assigned different values, the player exerts effort in order to influence the outcome, the player feels emotionally attached to the outcome, and the consequences of the activity are optional and negotiableâ⬠(Juul, 2006). To be able to understand the distinctive features of the computer games particularly as a medium, this description will become helpful later. To understand the entire matter around games, there should be explained the type of people who play games. According to a study conducted by the Interactive Software Federation Europe (2008) the average gamer in Europe today is 33 years old. It is also claimed that in a typical week 45% of the PC owners play games more than 1-5 hours while 29% play more than 5 hours. In case of console owners it is more or less the same so this does not need to be considered separately as in this paper this component is not taken in account. The main reason of playing is for most of them to play just for fun (80%) followed by relaxing and de-stressing (55%) and playing when they are bored (41%) (Interactive Software Federation Europe, 2008). Gamers are people who immerse themselves in an alternate reality which allows brands having the permission to act in a way that helps players to do this. Shortly this means, as brands appear in or around a game, it makes sense to use them to enhance the virtual reality (Mediaedge, 2005). Nevertheless it would be pointless to place billboards of real world advertising like Coka Cola in games with a fantasy setting like for example the well known World of Warcraft. That kind of product placement would not turn up realistic and it would disturb the playerââ¬â¢s experience. World of Warcraft is an ongoing multiplayer world that was subscribed by about 8 million at the beginning of 2007 which (Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., 2007) has increased to 10 million in 2008 (Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., 2008). The expert Samuel Turcotte (Lehu, 2007) claims that ââ¬Ëproduct placement isnââ¬â¢t about sales; itââ¬â¢s about brand awarenessââ¬â¢. Aiming on increasing sales and making the customer aware of oneââ¬â¢s product, marketers should not try to disturb the playerââ¬â¢s word but enhance it. Examples like World of Warcraft show that those players or subscribers are out of advertiserââ¬â¢s reach. Today in generally things have changed as product placements are part of many games. Depending on the setting and the kind of placement, many products found their way into the games. Whether BMW in car racing games like for example Need for Speed or ordinary products like Axe deodorants and Airwaves chewing gums in Splinter Cell Chaos Theory, most products that appear in the games are products that surround gamers and non-gamers daily. According to a study conducted by Nielsen BASES and Nielsen Games on behalf of in-game advertising network IGA Worldwide, 82% of gamers react positively to contextual In-Game Ads (Androvich, 2008). Results of this study showed that of consumers with the strongest opinion about in-game ads, both positive and negative, over 70% felt the ads made them feel better about the brand. They felt more favourable toward the brand and it made them more interested in the brand. Ultimately they believed that the ads are for innovative/cutting edge brands. More than 60% of these most opinionated customers feel ads do not interrupt their attention while experiencing the game. Also, the ads catch their attention and make games more realistic as well as the brands shown in the games are promoting relevant products. According to Lockergnome (2007), most of todayââ¬â¢s computer games give the impression being made for men. An industry report published by IBISWorld (2008) reveals that women and older adults are the new driving force behind the success of the video games industry. According to IBISWorld (2008) it is also claimed that today, more and more women begin to play action games. Today in general the consumer research on product placements has focused on attitudes towards the practice and the effectiveness (Nelson et al., 2004). 2.4 Gamersââ¬â¢ attitude towards product placement in computer games Advertising placements that mimic real-world ads ââ¬â such as billboards in sports or racing games ââ¬â are generally accepted by gamers because they have perceived to add to the realism of the game (Thompson, 2006) which is also in accordance with Nelson (2002). He claims the research on consumer attitudes to in-game product placement shows that participants were in the main positive about practice and did not perceive any disruption in the experience of the game used in the study. As already mentioned above, brands should be used as enhancer of the virtual reality (Mediaedge, 2005), some participants of the study just mentioned reported that product placement enhance the realism of the game as well as it would add value to the gaming experience (Nelson, 2002). The argument that consumers are more positively disposed towards brand placements relative to more conventional forms of advertising is also supported by research investigating consumerââ¬â¢s attitudes to product placement in other media (Nebenzahl and Secunda, 2003). They also found that product placement was related favourably by 70% of people going to the cinema, extensively higher than ratings for pre-movie advertisements. As attitudinal surveys and focus groups showed, questioned consumers generally find product placements to be acceptable. They even said that it would enhance the value of the media as well as the entertainment value (Nelson et al., 2004). On the other hand, some of the polled consumers, in most cases women from countries like the U.S., Austria, France and Singapore are not that positive about the acceptability of ethically-charged products. They claim that such things like guns, cigarettes or alcohol in media would be targeted at children (Nelson et al., 2004). According to information from PRNewswire (2008) women do also play computer games with that kind of content like action games or shooter. So it depends on the attitude of the individual and the kind of placement used in the media. In most cases when guns are placed in a computer game, it target adults (PRNewswire, 2008). In Germany for example, it is controlled by law what kind of games need to be censored or not. All this is the executed by an institution called USK. If a computer game is not checked by the USK, it is not coming out. And if it contains explicit violence and language, it may only be sold to adults which is from 18 years on. 2.5 Brand Equity and Social Trust Many customers buy needed goods by habit, are drawn to purchase by promotions, or simply do not pay much attention to which brand they buy (Walshe and Fearn, 2008). Therefore it is important for marketers to draw customersââ¬â¢ attention, convince them to prefer their product blindly and make them to trust in the product. Brand equity is depicted to be known by Yoo and Donthu (2002) to create customersââ¬â¢ blind preference for a brand over its competing brands. Brand equity also increases the companyââ¬â¢s value by affecting the decision making in terms of merger and acquisition, stock market responses and the extendibility of a brand name. Brand equity measures most of which have long been used by marketers but which are only now being brought together as single intangible asset which in accounting terms, is brought forward at the start of the period and carried forward to the next (Ambler, 1997). As long as the marketers donââ¬â¢t do anything dreadful, traditional brand leaders will stay brand leaders. This can also be seen in the fact that the brand leaders in the 1920s were mostly the leaders 60 years later (Wurster, 1987). Brands with lower rankings normally hold their places. Ambler (1997) claims that the awareness is cognitive, as is our knowledge of a brandââ¬â¢s functional performance characteristics and price. Attitudes towards the brand are primarily affective. Most essentially, making use of regularly purchased brands is likely to be merely reinforced by advertising. Believing in a product blindly requires peopleââ¬â¢s trust in the company. To comprehend the importance of trust a definition of trust will now follow. ââ¬ËTrust is one of the most important synthetic forces within societyââ¬â¢ (Simmel, 1950). Trust is needed to gain customersââ¬â¢ blind preference for a brand. Customers that trust in companyââ¬â¢s products as well as in its established brands will buy these products in the future. Referring to this, for marketers it is an essential factor, that trust is built. This signifies that trust is controlled mentally. Ambler (1997) claims that as long marketers are engaged with what changes customerââ¬â¢s behaviour, mental stages of the customer cannot be ignored. While the customer perceives that a product represents a high profit, it is probable that the product will be bought in the future. Convincing a customer to consider another the own product to be better is very hard for a company to. If a product is favoured by the customer, then good arguments are needed by the marketer change the preferred product. By looking at features like customization in computer games like in many car-racing games it can be seen, that product placement can be implanted differently. Even the design or the carââ¬â¢s power can be adjusted. Very famous for that is for example the car racing game series Need for Speed. By implementing such features the player identifies himself with the brand, which in real life can results in an increased brand loyalty of the respective player. The virtually perceived quality then may have an impact on the gamer. A possible indicator of future performance might be the perceived quality which has been identified as a key; possibly it is the key (Gale, 1994). However, as we do not know the correlation it is hard to forecast which seems probable between perceived quality and trust. In a computer game, the perceived quality in a racing game may lead the player to believe the car he is driving with is unbeatable, but it is questionable whether it can be trusted in that car to be equal in reality. These examples show that the options of marketers in the game segment are enormous. Brands simplify the process of making decisions by acting as ââ¬Ësummarized knowledgeââ¬â¢. A brand reduces the need of the customer to undertake the time-consuming activity of ââ¬Ëresearchingââ¬â¢ products (Morrison and Firmstone 2000). 2.6 Subliminal Messages in Media As already mentioned above, subliminal messages also appeared in media or still do. Embedding material in print, audio or video messages so faintly that they are not consciously perceived is called subliminal advertising (Rogers and Smith, 1993). Besides the attention, the capacity and the perception of in game advertising, there exists another theory. A lot of scientists say that subliminal messages do leave a mark on the brain. By using brain scanners, they found ââ¬Å"we often record images we are not even aware of having seenâ⬠(Jha, 2007). Researchers from the University College of London proved on a psychological level that invisible subliminal images catch the brainââ¬â¢s attention on a subconscious level. Using a method called fMRI, this study investigated if it is possible images which the customer is not aware of ââ¬â but ones that reach the retina ââ¬â have any impact on activity of the brain in the primary visual cortex, part of the occipital lobe (Smith, Lewis, 2007). The brain of the subjects did act in response to the object even when they did not know about having seen it (Smith, Lewis, 2007). At a basic level, people perceive messages differently when they are presented in the form of an advertisement than when they are written in the form of other types of communications as the same literal content can result in different consumer perceptions (Rotfeld, 2008). The research of the University College of London tackles the theory of William James, a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher (1842-1910), who once said: ââ¬Å"We are conscious of what we attend to, and not conscious of what we do not attend toâ⬠(Subliminal Advertising Leaves Its Mark On The Brain, 2007). Within several tests scientists found out that there are situations where consciousness and attention donââ¬â¢t accompany each other. Nevertheless, the research also indicated that when the brain doesnââ¬â¢t have enough capacity to attend to an im age, even subconsciously perceived images simply do not get realized (Subliminal Advertising Leaves Its Mark On The Brain, 2007). According to Rogers and Smith (1993) many people in the public have heard of the term ââ¬Ësubliminal advertisingââ¬â¢ and know about its importance. They also claim that as the public understands the basics of the concept they believe it not only to be used by advertisers but also to be successful in influencing brand choice and purchase behaviour. Zanot (1984) examined 38 studies of American attitudes to advertising from the 1930s to the 1970s. He found that these became increasingly negative over time, perhaps reflecting increases in the volume of advertising, the growth of consumerism and rising concerns about the social responsibility of business. According to studies conducted by Zanot, Pincus and Lamp (1983) after a survey of 209 adults in Washington, DC it was reported that 81% had heard of subliminal advertising and that respondents believe that subliminal advertising is widely and frequently used and that it is successfully in selling products. According to Rogers and Smith (1993), these results were confirmed in separate surveys conducted later. They also conducted an own study to prove whether the results are still valid or not, and it was proved again. Heyder et al. (1992) compared attitudes across several East and Western Europe countries. They also found more positive attitudes in Britain than in France or West Germany, although Czecheslovakia emerged as the country best disposed to advertising. Attitudes were however less favourable in Poland, Hungary and East Germany. 2.7 Effectiveness of Product Placement Brand Recognition and Recall Even though advertising through digital games appears widely in popular print media and industry magazines there are only a few empirical studies attempt to explain the effects of the ads that target game players. Today the increasing brand awareness is amid the most ordinary goals advertisers have when product placement in games is used. Often it is assumed that the amount of people playing a game is equal to the number of people that actually pays attention to brand names turning up in the game. As a game player is busy playing the game then this is what occupies primary attention. It is important for advertisers to find out whether their brand name is being noticed at all since brand names displayed in a game are not the focal object of attention (Lee and Faber, 2007). According to Lee and Faber (2007), ââ¬Å"most cognitive psychologists believe that attention is the progress of allocating cognitive capacity to an object or taskâ⬠. Furthermore, researchers frequently focus their attention on two issues: on the one hand on the selective aspect on the other on the intensive aspect. Lee and Faber (2007) also claim that the intensity of attention relates to the amount of cognitive capacity. This intensity of attention is allocated to a particular task as well as the selectivity which refers to selective allocation of cognitive capacity to a certain task in preference to others. Beside the attention, there is also the capacity that should be thought of. As the player is attentive it might be that the brain does not have enough capacity to handle all the absorbed information. To explain both, the selective and intensive aspects of attention, the limited-capacity model of attention was generated (Kahneman 1973). This model makes use of the assumption that ones entire attentional capacity is limited at any moment (Kahneman, 1973). Even with a strong attention, it might be difficult as there is no capacity to handle the mass of information. Kahneman (1973) claims that the entire capacity that is allocated to execute all actions can be split into two parts: on the one hand there is capacity devoted to the primary task and on the other hand there can be regarded spare capacity (Kahneman 1973; Lynch and Srull 1982). According to scientists, spare capacity attends to secondary tasks and other surroundings. They also say that the capacity that is used to perform the primary task cannot be used for the secondary task as the more capacity is used for the primary task, the less is available for the person ââ¬â in the context of this paper the gamer ââ¬â to accomplish any secondary task. Both, primary task capacity and spare capacity are central to understand the how in-game ads are working in terms of product placement on brand memory. According to Lee and Faber (2007), playing the game is the primary task that players perform. Processing advertisements embedded in the game is then the secondary task. As more attentional capacity is needed to apply oneself to playing the game, the less will be accessible for handling brand information. Similar to industry measures, academics have relied seriously on memory-based measures. Examples for those can be aided and unaided recall, recognition, and sometimes on acceptance, reported usage behavior and perceived ethical factors related to product placement (Gupta and Gould, 1997; Karrh, Firth, and Callison, 2001; Morton and Friedman, 2002; Russel. 2002; Sargent, 2001). Andrà © Sonder, New Business Director of IGA Wordwide, subsidiary of Microsoft responsible for co-oper sations in matters of advertising, provides reasons for computer games as advertising medium. On one hand, he claims, that investigations showed that in particular men between the age of 18 and 34 have a six to seven times higher cognition while gaming than while watching primetime TV-Shows. In-game ads are for that reason very effective as the player is very concentrated and ads can be better recognized than in television. (Aichinger, 2006) Displaying brand identifiers in the games may be comparable to product placements in TV shows or in films in various ways. However in other ways, playing games is in some way different compared with watching a movie or TV program, and the force and consequences of product placements may, as a result of that differ. The major difference may be in the scope of involvement and its effects on the resources concerning attention. While gamer interact with the game actively by managing and influencing what happens in the game a ââ¬ËTV watcherââ¬â¢ passively just ââ¬Ëwatchesââ¬â¢ television or movies (Nicovich 2005). Compared with movie or TV product placements, noticing a brand and remembering it may be more difficult in the game context to a considerable degree. This might be due to its immersive nature (Chancy, Lin, and Chancy 2004; Nicovich 2005). To create a to some extent on-of-a-kind situation for in-games this distinction may also interact with other variables. According to a study to investigate the effects of product placement in games on brand recall which was analyzed by Nelson (2002), it was found that 95% of the participants were able to recall the brand of the car they drove during the game spontaneously. Nevertheless, on the other side, recall declined to 0% after a five-month post-play period. 2.8 Effectiveness of in-game ads studies There are a few studies around product placement concerning computer games. The British company Bunnyfoot offers the op Lorahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00179467945039441059noreply@blogger.com0