The Effect Of Manual Therapy Health And Social Care Essay

The shoulder encroachment syndrome is one of the most common causes of hurting and disfunction in the jocks shoulder. Primary shoulder encroachment syndrome can happen in anyone who repeatedly or forcefully uses the upper appendage in an elevated place. The patho-mechanics of this syndrome implicate activities that repetitively place the arm in over caput places. Majority of jocks who manifest this status take part in baseball, swimming, cricket and tennis, but it is by no agencies confined to these athleticss. Repeated compaction of the subacromial contents causes micro-pockets of harm which finally summate as the activity is persisted with. Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The resulting inflammatory reaction involves vascular congestion and hydrops into the sinew or Bursa which farther reduces the infinite beneath the coraco-acromial arch. This consequences in hurting that interferes with normal biomechanics of the shoulder by doing musculus encroachment and compensatory motions or positions. The importance of its acknowledgment is that encroachment is frequently a progressive status that, if recognized and treated early, can hold a more favourable result. Delay in acknowledgment and intervention can let secondary alterations to happen, with attendant restrictions in intervention options and functional results.1.2 THE MagnitudeThe magnitude of the job is attested by the fact that 30 to 60 per centum of competitory swimmers and 25 per centum of base ball hurlers and tennis participants incur this malady at some point during their callings. Recognition of the syndrome and early non-operative intercession are indispensable for a successful declaration and the return of jocks to their accustomed degree of public presentation. Most jocks start take parting in athleticss when they are comparatively immature, by adolescence many would hold experienced the symptoms normally known as â€Å" bursitis † , â€Å" cuffitis † , or â€Å" supraspinatus syndrome † . Impingement syndrome is by far the most common soft tissue hurt of the shoulder for which an jock seeks intervention.1.3 Mechanical FactorCapsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The buttocks, anterior and inferior part of the capsule has been reported to be involved in this. Athletes or persons who avoid painful overhead activity or who are subjected to gesture instabilities as a consequence of their athleticss can develop capsular stringency which restricts joint mobility and prevent opposite way humeral caput semivowel taking to an earlier oncoming or greater grade of subacromial compaction and painful or limited map, peculiarly in elevated planes of motion.1.4 OVERUSE INJURIES: AN OUTLINEOveruse hurts in jocks are more common than traumatic and post surgical hurts to shoulder. The joint by structural default via medias on stableness for the interest of mobility. This poses a complex interaction of laxness, rotator cuff hurt ( Tensile tendonitis ) and impingement hurts ( Compression tendonitis ) taking to syndrome doing functional restriction. The etiology once more is attributed to patho-mechanics and can be classified into primary and secondary causes.Primary CAUSESPrimary encroachment i? ¶ Increased subacromial burden i? ¶ Acromial morphology ( A hooked acromial process, presence of an osacromiale or osteophyte, and/or calcific sedimentations in the subacromial infinite make patients more predisposed for primary encroachment. ) i? ¶ Acromioclaviculararthrosis ( inferior osteophytes ) i? ¶ Coracoacromial ligament hypertrophy i? ¶ Coracoid encroachment i? ¶ Subacromialbursal thickener and fibrosis i? ¶ Prominent humeral greater tubercle i? ¶ Trauma ( direct macrotrauma or insistent microtrauma ) i? ¶ Overhead activity ( athletic and nonathletic )Secondary CAUSESSecondary encroachment i? ¶ Rotator turnup overload/soft tissue instability i? ¶ Eccentric musculus overload i? ¶ Glenohumeral laxity/instability i? ¶ Long caput of the biceps tendon laxity/weakness i? ¶ Glenoid labral lesions i? ¶ Muscle instability i? ¶ Scapular dyskinesia i? ¶ Posterior capsular stringency i? ¶ Trapezius palsy1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDYThe usage of manual therapy as a portion of comprehensive rehabilitation attention is still non really popular and there are merely few surveies done in this peculiar country and needs more nonsubjective findings. It is this dearth my survey aims to bridge.1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe specific hypotheses were that patients diagnosed with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome, treated with manual joint mobilisation combined with hot battalions, active scope of gesture, physiologic stretching, musculus strengthening exercisings, soft tissue mobilisation and patient instruction would see less hurting strength upon subacromial compaction testing and Greater active scope of gesture. My survey aims to sketch the benefits of integrating Manual therapy technique into intervention governments.1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe aim of the survey is to measure the consequence of manual therapy ( Mulligan, Maitland ) as a constituent of comprehensive i ntervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in athletic shoulder.1.8 HYPOTHESISThe void hypothesis for the survey is stated as follows:â€Å" There is no important difference in cut downing hurting and bettering scope of gesture and map on utilizing manual therapy techniques in overhead jocks with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome †2. LITERATURE REVIEWi Lo YP, Hsu YC and Chan KM conducted a survey in 372 participants and found that 163 individuals ( 43.8 % ) had shoulder jobs and 109 participants ( 29 % ) had shoulder hurting. The prevalence of shoulder hurting ranked highest among volley ball participants ( N= 28 ) followed by swimmers ( N= 22 ) , badminton, hoops and tennis ( Br.J.Sports Med, sep 1990 ) i Fluerst Ml has stated impingement syndrome to be one among the 10 most common athleticss hurts and impute it to unstable design of the joint. He suggests exercising to rotator turnup beef uping to keep the shoulder in topographic point and forestalling disruptions ( American Health Oct 1994 ) . i Fu FH, Harner CD and Klein AH classifies encroachment into 2 classs Primary and Secondary. Primary being caused by nonathletic hurts of supraspinatus sinew while secondary is caused by athletic hurts due to unstable forms of motion ( nerve-racking and end scopes ) . This they concluded will enable better clinical attacks. ( Clin. Orthop Aug 1991 ) . i Brox JL, Staff PH, Ljunggren AE & A ; Brevik JL used Neer shoulder mark and found that surgery and supervised exercising plan decidedly had an improved rotary motion when compared to placebo intervention. ( BMJ Oct 1993 ) . i Blevins FT has suggested categorization of rotator cuff hurt and disfunction based on etiology as primary encroachment, primary tensile overload and secondary encroachment and tensile overload ensuing from glenohumeral instability. Arthoscopic scrutiny shows anterior capsular laxness ( positive â€Å" thrust through mark † ) every bit good as superior posterior labral and cuff hurt typical of internal encroachment. If rehabilitation entirely is non successful a capsulolabral fix followed by rehabilitation may let the jock to return to their old degree of competition. Athletes with acute episodes of macrotrauma to the shoulder ensuing in turnup pathology normally presents with hurting, limited active lift and a positive â€Å" shrug-sign † . Arthroscopy and debridement of thickened, inflamed or scarred subacromial Bursa with cuff fix or debridement as indicated is normally successful in those who do non react to a rehabilitation plan. ( Sports Med.1997 ) . i Masala S et al. , in their survey on â€Å" Impingement syndrome of shoulder † have proved that CT and MRI are more dependable and accurate diagnostic methods. CT scan is sensitive to even cold-shoulder bony alterations and MRI detects tendon, Bursa and rotator turnup alterations. However they suggest obviously X raies to be performed as a first process. ( Radiol. Med Jan 1995 ) . This thought of MRI being sensitive to name encroachment has besides been confirmed by Rossi F ( Eur.J.Radiol. May 1998 ) . However, Holder J has concluded that distinction between tendinopathy and partial cryings might be hard utilizing MRI imagination. ( Radiologe Dec 1996 ) . i Corso G has emphasized the usage of impingement alleviation trial as an adjunctive process to traditional appraisal of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. This purportedly helps in insulating the primary tissue lesion. Such that conservative direction could be addressed to that specific construction ( J.ortho. Phys Ther, Nov 1995 ) . i Brossmann J and co-workers from the veterans disposal medical centre of California have stated that MR imagination of different shoulder places may assist uncover the pathogenesis of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. ( AJR Am. J Roentgenol. Dec 1996 ) . i Deutsch A, Altcheck DW et al. , have shown that patients with phase II and phase III encroachment had a larger scapulothoracic constituent than the normal shoulder during abduction motion. The superior migration of humeral caput is likely the consequence of turnup failure, either partial or complete. i Douglas E. Conroy and Karen W Hayes in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the topics having joint mobilisation and comprehensive intervention would hold improved mobility and map compared to similar patients having comprehensive intervention entirely. Mobilization decreased 24-hour hurting and hurting with subacromial compaction trial in patients with primary impingement Syndrome. ( J Orthop Sports Phys. Ther. Mar 1998 ) . i Hawkins RJ and Hobeika PE in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the impingement syndrome may slop over at any clip to affect the next biceps tendon, subacromical Bursa and acromio-claviular articulation and as a continuum, with the transition of clip, may eventuate in devolution and partial, even complete thickness, rotator turnup cryings subsequently in life. They besides recommend careful warm-up exercisings, occasional remainder by avoiding piquing motion and local modes of ice, ultrasound and transcutantaneous stimulation along with pharmacotherapy. They besides province surgical decompression and unequivocal acromioplasty could be performed. ( Cl. Sports. Med. Jul 1983 ) . i Bak K and Magnusson SP have emphasized that internal rotary motion might be much more affected than the external rotary motion which might do superior migration of humeral caput. They besides province that scope of gesture in shoulder demand non correlate with the happening of shoulder hurting. ( Am. J. Sport Med, Jul 1997 ) . i Homes CF and associates of University of Arkansas have concluded that intensive patient instruction, place plan, curative exercisings and specific manual mobilisation has better patient conformity and lesser abnormalcies on nonsubjective scrutiny after 1 year. ( J.Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. Dec 1997 ) . i McCann PD and Bigliani LU in their article on â€Å" Shoulder hurting in tennis participants † has emphasized rotator turnup and scapular musculus strengthening and surgical stabilisation of the capsulo-labral composite for patients who fail rehabilitation plan. Prevention of hurt in tennis participants seem to depend upon flexibleness, strength and synchronism among the gleno-humeral and scapular musculuss. ( Sports Med. Jan 1994 ) . i Carpenter JE et al. , in their article in MDX wellness digest have found out that there is an addition in threshold for motion proprioception by 73 % . This lessening in proprioceptive esthesis might play a critical function in diminishing athletic public presentation and in weariness related disfunction. Thought it is still dubious if developing improves the perceptual experience, this is an of import determination that has farfetched deductions in the intervention of shoulder impingement syndrome as weariness might be rather common with the lessening vascularity and injury to the construction of rotator turnup. ( Am. J. Sports Med Mar 1998 ) . i Scheib JS from university of Tennessee Medical Center has stated that overexploitation sydromes mandate remainder and control of redness through drugs and physical modes. He prescribed a gradual patterned advance of beef uping plan and any return of symptoms should be adequately and quickly appraised and treated. He emphasized that proper conservative intervention entirely prevents patterned advance of impingement syndromes. ( Rheum. Dis. Clin. North.Am Nov 1990 ) . i Morrrison DS and co-workers have shown that non operative intervention of shoulder encroachment syndrome resulted in important betterments. In their survey of 413 patients 67 % had a good recovery while 28 % had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Further age, gender and attendant tenderness of acromio-clavicular articulation did non impact the result significantly. ( J.Bone and Joint Surg. Am. May 1997 ) . i Brewer BJ has documented a structural alteration of the greater tubercle and progressive devolution of all elements of the sinewy constructions that is age related with progressive ( 1 ) osteitis of the greater tubercle, cystic devolution, and abnormality of the cortical border ; ( 2 ) degenerative sulcus between the greater tubercle and the articular surface ; ( 3 ) break of the unity of the fond regard of the sinew to the bone by Sharpey ‘s fibres ; ( 4 ) loss of cellularity, loss of staining quality, and atomization of the sinew ; ( 5 ) decline of the vascularity of the sinew ; and ( 6 ) dimmunition of fibrocartiage. ( Am J Sports Med, Mar-Apr 1979 ) . i Kinger A et al. , stated that volleyball participants have a different muscular and capsular form at the playing shoulder compared to the opposite shoulder. Their playing shoulder is depressed, the scapular lateralized, the dorsal musculuss and the buttocks and inferior portion of the shoulder capsule shortened. These differences were of more significance in volleyball participants with shoulder hurting than in volleyball participants without shoulder hurting. Muscular balance of the shoulder girdle is really of import in this athletics. It is hence imperative to include equal stretching and muscular preparation plan for the bar, every bit good as for therapy, of shoulder hurting in volleyball participants. ( Br J Sports Med, Sep 1996 ) . i Jobe FW, Kvitne RS, Giangarra CE in their article â€Å" shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete- the relationship of anterior instability and rotator turnup encroachment † , shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete can frequently be traced to the stabilising mechanisms of the glenohumeral articulation. i Flatow EL and associates of Orthopaedic Research Laboratoty, New York Orthopaedic Hospital, on the biomechanics of humerus with acromial process provinces that contact starts at the anterolateral border of the acromial process at 0 grades of lift, it shifts medially with arm lift. On the humeral surface, contact displacements from proximal to distal on the supraspinatus sinew with arm lift. When external rotary motion is decreased, distal and posterior displacement in contact is noted. Acromial bottom and rotator turnup sinews are in closest propinquity between 60 grades and 120 grades of lift ; contact was systematically more marked for type III acromial processs. Mean acromiohumeral interval was 11.1 millimeter at 0 grades of lift and decreased to 5.7 millimeters at 90 grades, when greater tubercle was closest to the acromial process. Contact centres on the supraspinatus interpolation, proposing altered jaunt of the greater tubercle may ab initio damage this rotator turnup part. Conditionss restricting external rotary motion or lift may besides increase rotator cuff compaction. Marked addition in contact with Type III acromial processs supports the function of anterior acromioplasty when clinically indicated, normally in older patients with primary encroachment. ( Am J Sports Med, Nov-Dec 1994 ) . i Hawkins RJ, Abrams JS in â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the absence of rotator turnup tear ( stages 1 and 2 ) † lay accent on prophylaxis in bad populations, such as hurlers and swimmers. Once symptoms occur, the bulk can be successfully managed with nonoperative steps. Prolonged failure of conservative attention prior to rotator turnup tear requires surgical decompression with predictable success in most. ( Orthop clin North Am, Jul 1994 ) . i Hjelm R, Draper C, Spencer S supported the construct that capsular ligament non merely supply restraint, but are specifically oriented to steer and focus on the humeral caput on the glenoid during shoulder motions. Glenohumeral ligament length inadequacy can be the primary cause of shoulder hurting, runing from frozen shoulder to impingement like symptoms.Proper capsular ligament length can be restored with manual techniques. All patients with shoulder hurting should hold capsular ligament appraisal to guarantee proper glenohumeral mechanics. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Mar 1996 ) . i Frogameni AD, Woodworth P in their survey on â€Å" Non- operative intervention of subacromial impingement syndrome † performed a retrospective survey of 616 patients and have shown that non-operative intervention of subacromial impingement syndrome resulted in important improvement.Overall,413 patients had a satisfactory consequence while others had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Besides, shoulder laterality, gender and attendant tenderness of the acromioclavicular articulation did non impact the consequence significantly. ( Arthroscopy ; 16 ( 1 ) :35-40 ) . i Pink MM et Al in their article â€Å" Arthroscopic findings in the overhand throwing jock: grounds for posterior internal encroachment of the rotator turnup † supported the construct of encroachment of the posterior turnup bottom with the posterosuperior glenoid rim in the overhand throwing athlete with shoulderpain. ( J Shoulder Elbow Surg ; 8 ( 2 ) :102-111 ) . i Gjengedal E et Al in their survey on â€Å" Arthroscopic surgery versus supervised exercisings in patients with rotator turnup disease ( phase II encroachment syndrome ) : a prospective, randomized controlled survey in 125 patients with a two-and-half twelvemonth followup † found that the success rate was higher for patients randomized to surgery ( 26 of 38 ) and exercises ( 27 of 44 ) compared with the placebo group ( 7 of 28 ) . ( Clin J Sport Med 2003 May ; 13 ( 3 ) :176-182. ) i Claude HC, Pierre Freemont in their article â€Å" Curative exercising and orthopaedic manual therapy for impingement syndrome: a systematic reappraisal † suggested that curative exercising or manual therapy benefited more when compared with other interventions such as acromioplasty, placebo or no intercession. Surveies were included if ( 1 ) they were a randomized controlled test ; ( 2 ) they were related to impingement syndrome, rotator turnup tendonitis or bursitis ; ( 3 ) one of the interventions included curative exercising or manual therapy. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.1998 Jul ; 28 ( 1 ) :3-14. i Greenbaum BS, Einhorn A in their article â€Å" Shoulder encroachment † has stated that impingement rehabilitation focuses on beef uping the humeral caput depressors while disregarding the deltoid and supraspinatus musculuss. Later intervention includes specific retraining of scapular reconciliation musculuss. The concluding stage of intervention includes beef uping the premier humeral movers in places that avoid farther emphasis to the injured rotator turnup sinews and last of all specifically beef uping the supraspinatus musculus. ( Orthop Clin North Am.1997 Jan ; 28 ( 1 ) :69-78. i Roberts et Al ( 2002 ) used MRI to place and mensurate the alterations in anatomic constructions in the subacromial infinite as the arm was moved from complete remainder to 160 grade of forward flexure during the Hawkin ‘s and Neer encroachment tactics. They concluded that a clinically positive Hawkin ‘s mark is consistent with external shoulder encroachment. i Andy Finn in his article â€Å" Shoulder impingement physical therapy to halt the hurting and retrieve fast † has once and for all stated that shoulder encroachment upset can be resolved efficaciously with a professional plan of rehabilitation which is based on specific exercisings for the rotator turnup can cut down recovery times from months to hebdomads, cut downing hurting, redness and the demand for medical specialties, of course. i MacDonald et al. , compared the diagnostic truth of the Neer and Hawkin ‘s impingement mark to arthroscopic findings and stated that both trials were similar for happening rotator turnup disease but the Hawkin ‘s mark was more sensitive for subacromial bursitis. They concluded that when both the trials are negative there is a high degree of anticipation that rotator turnup tendinopathy, rupturing or bursitis can be ruled out. i Aimie F.Kachingwe et al. , found that MWM in combination with a supervised exercising plan resulted in a higher per centum of alteration ( but non statistically important ) from pre- to post-treatment in diminishing hurting and bettering map compared to the supervised exercising merely and command groups. i Pappas GP et Al. , in their article â€Å" In vivo anatomy of the Neer and Hawkins sign places for shoulder encroachment † has stated that the Neer and Hawkins impingement marks are normally used to name subacromial pathology. It was found that the Hawkins place resulted in significantly greater subacromial infinite narrowing and subacromial rotator turnup contact than the Neer place though both the manoeuvres significantly decreased the distance from the supraspinatus interpolation into the acromial process and posterior glenoid and from the subscapularis interpolation to the anterior glenoid. The intraarticular contact of the supraspinatus with the posterosuperior glenoid was observed in all topics in both places, which they stated that internal encroachment may play a function in the Neer and Hawkins marks. ( J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006 Jan-Feb ; 15 ( 1 ) :40-49 ) . i Valadie et al. , in a survey described that there is consistent contact between the soft tissues and the coraco-acromial ligament and between the articular surface of the rotator turnup and the anterior superior glenoid during the Hawkin ‘s and Kennedy test.Edelson and Teitz reported contact between the lesser tubercle and antero-superior glenoid in the Hawkin ‘s and Kennedy test place. i MacDermid JC et al. , in their article â€Å" The shoulder Pain and Disability Index demonstrates factor, concept and longitudinal cogency † concluded that the SPADI is a valid step to measure hurting and disablement in community-based patients describing shoulder hurting due to musculoskeletal pathology. The SPADI is a self-report questionnaire to mensurate the hurting and disablement associated with shoulder pathology.Based on their survey the internal consistences of the SPADI subscales were high. ( BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006,7:12 do1:10.1186/1471-2474-7-12 )3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYThis survey is designed to affect Manual therapy as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment in athletic shoulder. The survey was carried out for one twelvemonth.3.1 STUDY DESIGNThe survey is conducted in the format of experimental pre trial, station trial survey design.3.2 STUDY SettingThis survey is conducted on jocks of Coimbatore athleticss n ine, when they had come to Sri Ramakrishna infirmary for shoulder hurting intervention. Informed consent was obtained from all the topics to transport out my thesis work after anterior referral from the physician in-charge.3.3 SamplingRandom trying A sum of 20 jocks with primary shoulder encroachment were divided into 2 groups of 10 each. Group A 10 jocks: – Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings. Group B 10 jocks: – Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings.3.4 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTIONEligibilityAge eligibility for survey: 18 Old ages to 35 Old ages Genders eligibility for survey: Male Accepts Healthy Volunteers: NoStandardsInclusion Standardsi Reproduction of symptoms with impingement trial: either Hawkins-Kennedy or Neer trial. i Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. i Pain during active shoulder lift at or above 60o. i Active scope of gesture shortage in humeral lift. i Limited functional motion forms in elevated places. i Positive clinical marks bespeaking subacromial encroachment symptoms ( SIS ) : hurting worsening with overhead activity ; a painful discharge, etc.Exclusion Standardsi History of capsular, ligament, sinew and labrum hurts. i Any recent surgeries carried out in and around shoulder articulation. i Traumatic shoulder disruption within the past 3 months. i Previous rehabilitation for this episode of shoulder hurting i Severe devolution bony or ligament alterations. i Primary shoulder blade thoracic disfunction. i Reproduction of shoulder hurting with active or inactive cervical gesture. i Systemic inflammatory joint disease. i Unstable break of humerus, shoulder blade and collarbone. i Any neurovascular co-morbidities of the involved upper appendage. i Any pathology around the shoulder like Periarthritis, Calcified tendonitis, Frozen shoulder, AC arthritis etc. i Global loss of inactive shoulder ROM, declarative mood of adhesive capsulitis.3.5 MAIN STUDYProcedure Athletes were indiscriminately assigned to two groups harmonizing to the block randomisation method Group 1- Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings. Group 2- Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings. Block randomisation was used to guarantee that an equal figure of jocks were assigned to each intervention group and informed of their intervention protocol. Pre and post-treatment appraisal measurings were taken, the initial appraisal session occurred on the first twenty-four hours of the hebdomad of the physician scrutiny. The consequence of intervention was assessed based on the undermentioned dependent variables: –1. Pain-free active ROM measured with a standard goniometer for flexure and scaption.Pain-free shoulder fexion and scaption active ROM was measured with a cosmopolitan goniometer harmonizing to a standard process. Scaption was measured in standing by alining the goniometer axis over the coracoid procedure, the stationary arm analogue to the thorax and the traveling arm midplane of the humerus with the median epicondyle as a usher. Standardized goniometric measurings of glenohumeral gesture have been shown to hold good intrarater dependability and cogency.2. Measurement of shoulder map assessed with the shoulder hurting and disablement index ( SPADI ) .The numerically- scaly SPADI, a 13-item self-administered instrument mensurating shoulder functional and hurting position, has been shown to hold good test-retest dependability, reactivity, and/or cogency. The SPADI used in this survey was modified to ease capable apprehension by including equal-distanced hashed lines marked 0-10, with nothing labeled no pain/no functional restrictions and 10 labeled worst pain/unable to execute. If a topic chose to tag between the hashed lines, the inquiry was scored to the nearest 0.25.3. Hawkins- Kennedy trialThe Hawkins-Kennedy trial is performed by positioning the arm passively at 90A ° of shoulder fexion followed by the healer forcibly internally revolving the arm-a manoeuvre that besides directs the critical zone against the coracoacromial ligament. The sensitiveness of this manoeuvre has besides been found to be good.4. Neer trialThe Neer encroachment trial, conducted by inactive forward lift and internal rotary motion of the humerus with the shoulder blade stabilized, is deemed positive if the patient studies hurting, normally above 120A ° of shoulder lift when the critical zone of the rotator turnup sinew is compressed against the subacromial arch. The Neer trial has been found to hold fair to good sensitiveness for finding the presence of shoulder encroachment. All topics in the intervention groups ( Groups 1-2 ) received physical therapy for one hr each for three times per a hebdomad for four hebdomads harmonizing to the undermentioned protocols, and each session ended with topics having a cold battalion for 10-15 proceedingss to diminish possible redness and delayed musculus tenderness. Participants were instructed to execute a place exercising plan one time a twenty-four hours, Participants were besides educated in the etiology of shoulder encroachment syndrome and the importance of proper position, and they were instructed to modify overhead activities. Participants in Group 1, the exercising plus MWM group received the standard exercising protocol as per showed in Appendix ( No.5 ) plus glenohumeral joint MWM technique as described by Mulligan. This technique involved the healer using a sustained posterior accoutrement semivowel to the glenohumeral articulation while the topic at the same time actively flexed the shoulder to the unpainful end point and applied a soft overpressure force utilizing the contralateral arm ( Figure 3 ) in Appendix ( No.4 ) . Entire abolishment of hurting during the technique was compulsory ; if the patient started to see hurting during active gesture ; the healer would look into different force planes and/or classs of force until unpainful gesture was restored. This process was repeated for a sum of 3 sets of 10 repeats every bit long as unpainful gesture was sustained ; if hurting commenced during any repeat of any set, the technique was terminated. Participants in Group 2, the exercising plus mobilisation group received the standard exercising protocol as per showed in Appendix ( No.5 ) with add-on of glenohumeral joint mobilisation techniques as described by Maitland. Anterior, posterior, inferior semivowels, or long-axis distraction grade I-IV joint mobilisations were applied consequently ( Figure 2 ) in Appendix ( No.4 ) . For state of affairss where there was responsiveness within the capsular ROM, grade I-II mobilisations were applied. For state of affairss where there was no responsiveness but capsular hypomobility, grade III-IV accessary gestures were applied. Each mobilisation was applied for 30 seconds at a rate of about one mobilisation every 1 to 2 seconds, followed by a 30-second remainder. The 30-second mobilisation and resting Sessionss were repeated 2 extra times for a sum of 3 sets of 30- 2nd mobilisations.3.6 Materials USEDi Treatment sofa i Orthopedic Evaluation Chart. i Shoulder Pain And Disability Index ( SPADI ) i Goniometer. i Handheld weightsA ( Dumbbells ) . i Flexible gum elastic tube, a bungee cord, or a big gum elastic set.3.7 TREATMENT DURATIONGroup A: – Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings for one hr each for three times per hebdomad. Group B: – Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings for one hr each for three times per hebdomad.3.8 DurationDuration of survey is 12 months. Treatment Duration is 4weeks/ alternate days/one hr a twenty-four hours.3.9 OUTCOME MEASURESi Pain and Shoulder disablement were assessed utilizing Shoulder Pain and Disability Index ( SPADI ) . i Active Range of Motion ( AROM ) : Flexure and Scaption were assessed utilizing Goniometer.3.10 Statistical AnalysisTwo tailed, Independent't ‘ trial was used to compare between groups on all descriptive and dependent variables. This will define the significance of betterment between the two groups. The t-test was calculated utilizing the expression: T = S = n1= figure of jocks in first sample group. n2= figure of jocks in 2nd sample group. x1= average difference of first sample group. x2= average difference of 2nd sample group. s = combined standard divergence.4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThe survey was conducted in two groupsGROUP 1Athletes were treated with Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings.GROUP 2Athletes were treated with Maitland mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings. Pre -test and station -test values were taken and the result was evaluated by utilizing the undermentioned tools Goniometer ( Active Range of Motion ) Shoulder hurting and disablement index ( SPADI ) The independent't ‘ trial was used for statistical analysisTable No. 4.1RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION, ABDUCTION FORGROUP I ( Mulligan Mobilization )S.NO. Flexure Abduction Pretest Post trial Pretest Post trial 1 133 167 80 174 2 128 155 92 150 3 120 166 87 164 4 136 169 90 173 5 138 167 79 175 6 123 154 77 164 7 127 154 90 170 8 134 164 95 170 9 120 165 87 166 10 117 158 93 170RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION – Group I( Mulligan Mobilization )RANGE OF MOTION OF ABDUCTION – Group I( Mulligan Mobilization )Table No. 4.2RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION, ABDUCTION FORGROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )S.NO. Flexure Abduction Pretest Post trial Pretest Post trial 1 132 152 94 140 2 136 145 83 150 3 142 140 87 144 4 130 142 90 146 5 135 153 75 157 6 117 137 86 137 7 132 150 98 145 8 123 147 90 146 9 130 148 96 139 10 127 139 80 137RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION – GROUP II( Maitland Mobilization )RANGE OF MOTION OF ABDUCTION – GROUP II( Maitland Mobilization )Table No. 4.3SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )S.NO. Pain Disability Entire Mark Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial 1 45 10 56 16 101 26 2 40 10 48 24 88 34 3 35 5 56 16 91 21 4 40 10 40 8 80 18 5 45 15 48 8 93 23 6 30 5 56 8 86 13 7 45 10 40 24 85 34 8 40 15 40 24 80 39 9 35 10 48 16 83 26 10 40 15 32 8 72 23SPADI PAIN – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )SPADI DIABILITY – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – Group I ( Mulligan Mobilization )Table No. 4.4SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )S.NO. Pain Disability Entire Mark Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial Pre trial Post trial 1 40 15 40 24 80 39 2 30 10 56 8 86 18 3 45 10 32 8 77 18 4 40 15 48 16 88 31 5 35 5 40 24 75 29 6 40 5 32 16 72 21 7 30 10 56 16 86 26 8 40 15 48 24 88 39 9 45 10 40 8 85 18 10 35 20 56 24 91 44SPADI PAIN GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )SPADI DIABILITY – GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )SPADI PAIN, DIABILITY, TOTAL SCORE – GROUP II ( Maitland Mobilization )Table 4.5Summary OF DATA ANALYSIS FOR TWO GROUPS OF PRIMARY SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME S.No. Group Parameter Mean Sd. ‘t ‘ value 1. Group I Flexure Read-only memory 34.3 6.79 6.21 Group II 15.3 6.16 Group I Abduction ROM 80.6 10.17 4.93 Group II 56.2 10.83 2. Group I SPADI Pain 29 3.74 0.975 Group II 26.5 6.73 3. Group I SPADI DISABILITY 31.2 10.4 0.65 Group II 28 10.28 4. Group I Entire SPADI SCORE 60.2 10.97 1.223 Group II 54.5 8.65MEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN RANGE OF MOTION OF FLEXION – Group I AND GROUP IIMEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN RANGE OF MOTION OF ABDUCTION – Group I AND GROUP IIMEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN PAIN-GROUP I AND GROUP IIMEAN IMPROVEMENT BETWEEN DISABILITY– Group I AND GROUP IIMEAN DIFFERENCE OF SPADI TOTAL SCORE –GROUP I AND GROUP II5. DiscussionThis survey shows the effectivity of Manual therapy as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in athletic shoulder. The information analysis shows that there has been important decrease in hurting, addition in ROM and functional ability of shoulder articulation, in values of group 1 and group 2. Pain and shoulder disablement is measured by SPADI, the entire SPADI shows that average betterment of group 1 is 60.2 and group 2 is 54.5 with standard divergence of 10.97 and 8.65 severally. The independent ‘t ‘ value calculated for SPADI is 1.223 at 18 grade of freedom. This deliberate ‘t ‘ value is less than the table value of 2.101 at 0.05 degree of significance. Hence, we accept the void hypothesis. Therefore, there is no important difference in cut downing hurting and bettering map on utilizing Manual therapy technique in over caput jocks with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome. Sing hurting, the average betterment of group 1 is 29 and group 2 is 26.5 with standard divergence of 3.74 and 6.73 severally and for disablement the average betterment of group 1 is 31.2 and group 2 is 28 with standard divergence of 10.4 and 10.28 severally. For hurting the independent ‘t ‘ value is 0.975 and for disablement is 0.65. Since the values are less tha n the table values of 2.101 at 0.05 degree of significance we are accepting the void hypothesis. ROM is measured by goniometer, it shows that average betterment of flexure in group 1 is 34.3 and group 2 is 15.3 with standard divergence of 6.79 and 6.165 and for abduction the average betterment in group 1 is 80.6 and group 2 is 56.2 with standard divergence of 10.17 and 10.83. The ‘t ‘ value calculated for flexure is 6.21 and for abduction is 4.93. Since both the values are more than the table value of 2.101 at 0.05 degree of significance, we reject the void hypothesis. Therefore, there is a important difference in bettering ROM of flexure and abduction on utilizing Manual therapy technique in over caput jocks with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome. Statistical analysis showed that, The group 1 who underwent Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and beef uping exercisings has more consistent betterment than the other group in increasing ROM. There was no important difference between the groups on cut downing hurting and bettering disablement.RestrictionThe continuance of the survey could non be extended for more than 12 months due to clip restraint. This survey did non include the jocks in phase 3 primary shoulder encroachment syndromes therefore the consequences of this survey can non be generalized to all patients with assorted phases of primary shoulder encroachment syndrome.6. DecisionIn this survey the effectivity of Manual therapy as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in athletic shoulder, shows that Mulligan mobilisation combined with Stretching and Strengthening exercisings is effectual in increasing mobility. However, athletes improved significantly with all the two intervention schemes. From this survey it is suggested that Manual therapy techniques ( Mulligan and Maitland ) can be efficaciously used as a constituent of comprehensive intervention plan.6.1 RecommendationSince it is a clip edge survey, a survey with a big sample size and long term follow up can be done in hereafter. Surveies can be compared with other use techniques. Surveies can be carried out in bilateral primary shoulder encroachment syndrome.

Misuse knowledge Essay

One of the notable books I have read is Cat’s Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut. It is a memorable and meaningful book that has a great impact on my personality. I was able to discover many things not only about life, society and history but also about mankind itself. One of the concepts satirized in the book is scientists and the scientific approach as a whole. The book shows science as a cold and inconsiderate entity, one that comes from man’s obsession for what Vonnegut argues is fruitless knowledge, as man will only misuse knowledge. It depicts many things and I was able to realize that the book is of great help in learning about science and its relation to people on earth. Aside from the fact that I read the book out of requirement of my English Grade Twelve class, I became personally touched by the story because it highlights how science can be misused against man and cause undesirable consequences. I became more aware of my actions and promised myself to put more importance to science once I become a professional. The book discusses pessimisms in an increase in man’s moral figure but still I view it very differently. For me, it is a precaution of sorts for men and women of science to not seek science for the sake of science itself, but rather for the betterment of man and society as a whole, and how engineers in particular must be responsible with their creations lest it be used against their common man.

Case applichem hbr

Applichem is a company that offers high product customization. Indeed, they provide solutions to specific customer problems, and then refine the product and process to arrive at a product with broader application. They created a product that was widely used: Release-ease. This product enabled the customers to clean easily the mold at the end of the process, which was a bottleneck in the former line. In 1982 the market research team expected little increase in the demand during the next five years. The sales and profit were strong through 1982. However Applichem has done little focused research on the product or process after 1953. There are several versions of Release-ease among regions. The different markets have peculiar particularities. Competition is harder in Europe where the quality and product specifications are more closely monitored. Customers usually consume the product within one year of purchase, and they buy the Release-ease powder in bags of 50 kilograms. In the US customers use the product as long as 3 years after manufacture and purchase the powder in bags of many sizes from ?  kilograms. In Japan, Applichem was the only company whose product had been approved by the Japanese regulators, even if some imported products could be sold by other companies. Applichem’s main competitor is a US-based company that only owns one plant in Luxembourg but had strong sales in Europe. A third company was competing on the shares in the US. However, Applichem owned by far the largest part of the market share and had a reputation because the company held the patent on the oldest version of Release-ease. Comparison of the 4 plants In Table 1 below, it is possible to see the capacity utilization and yield of the plants. All the plants seem to have excess capacity, so there doesn’t seem to have any need of implementing additional capacity. The average yield is taken from Exhibit 3, and we can see that both plants of Gary and Mexico could use their capacity more efficiently. For Gary, the yield is quite low for a plant of this size. It might be due to the number of product families (19) produced at the plant compared to the others.

Marketing - crises and problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing - crises and problems - Essay Example These factors, which may be supportive or constraining to the future development of the organization, provide the backcloth' against which the future strategies and plans must be formulated (Bennet, 1996). The model analyses the environment into four areas of focus. It should be used flexibly to reflect the nature of the relevant country/market environment. This means that for a large corporate, with a significant spread of operations, it is appropriate to separately map the different environments in which the various parts of the organization operate (Howe, 1986). The facts are normally identified by the senior management of the business from their personal knowledge and experience. Naturally this assumes that they have sufficient background in the environment to generate accurate data. If this experience does not exist external information sources would need to be used to supplement the existing knowledge of the business (Aaltonen and Ikavalko 2002). Even where knowledge is strong' it is prudent to validate key facts/assumptions and to compare alternative views of the future. The analysis should be used to identify: The issues that are dominant and are likely to exert the most pressure or influence on the future direction and prospects of the corporate. This is often achieved by using H/M/L (High/Medium/Low) categorization of each factor. Five Forces Model Industry mapping is a model that enables the competitive environment in which the organization operates to be analyzed. It was developed by Michael Porter and is often referred to as the Porter 5 Forces' model. It helps to identify the strength of the competitive forces that impact on the industry (Kotler and Armstrong 2005). Environmental Mapping' examined more generally the wider commercial context affecting all industries, this approach is focused on the specific industry in which the organization operates. Competition among existing firms - this is the natural competitive rivalry which exists between the various businesses operating within the industry marketplace (Bennet, 1996). Threat of new entrants - this is the potential likelihood of, and ease of, entry for new firms into the market. An example would be the entry of Japanese contractors into the UK construction market. Threat of substitute products or services - this is where a product or service, perhaps produced through a different technology, enters the market. An example would be the entry of compact discs into the audiotape/record market - providing the same product, music', through a different technology. Bargaining power of suppliers - this examines the relationship between businesses in the industry and the suppliers to those businesses. Where suppliers have a unique or restricted availability product they can exert a strong influence over prices and conditions of supply, therefore potentially putting pressures on the businesses purchasing their product/services. Bargaining power of buyers - this examines the relationship between businesses in the industry and the customers of those businesses. The purpose is to identify the relative strength of the business in the customer relationship (Bowman 1998; Porter, 1980, Appendix

Serpico Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Serpico - Movie Review Example After this movie, I entrenched the actor, Al Pacino, as occupying the third leg of my great acting triumvirate, already filled up by Dustin Hoffman and Robert de Niro. Al Pacino convincingly moved viewers all over the world by portraying a crusading cop, disgusted with the endemic corruption among his colleagues. We watched with trepidation as he single-handedly exhausted all means to weed out the corruption that also tried, albeit, unsuccessful, to siphon him inside, like a maelstrom, to its putrid miasma. We commiserated with him as his frustrations sabotaged his relationships with his girlfriends and his best friend, leaving him alone to fight his battle and leaving him only with his martyrdom to cling to. We were riveted with anxiety as his life became an easy target by fellow rotten cops who were aggrieved by the presence of a traitor in their midst, a self-righteous crusader out to wrest their sources of easy money. We watched with horror as he was from all the looks of it, tra pped to be executed, getting a bullet right in the cheek. We sighed for the loss of a good man in the service, as he threw in the towel by leaving the police force and eventually immigrating to Switzerland. All the idealistic men and women with an all-consuming integrity should make Serpico's battle and inner torments as their own personal battle and turmoil. This movie should have been retitled as "The Police Beat: No Place For An Idealistic Man". The Issue of Police Corruption as Tackled In This Movie The movie is basically about systemic, institutionalized police corruption in New York City and about how one honest, virtuous cop with a high sense of morals and values refuses to go with the flow and adhere to his own honorable code of conduct as police officer and in return got despised by his own colleagues and got brutalized which almost cost him his life. He has always crowed that he is meant to be a policeman. He thus entered the service first as a greenhorn police on patrol. No sooner has he started his service as he first encountered corruption in the form a free meal in one restaurant. He ordered for a particular food but was instead given something else. His colleague companion admonished him "You have to take what Charlie gives. It is for free." Charlie, the owner, intently eyed the new policeman as if saying, "You're now one of my employees. It is your responsibility to protect this place and in return your

Managing Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Organisational Change - Essay Example In Charlie’s case, a lot of blame in the collapse of his business can be attributed to organizational change. Basically, Charlie failed because he did not open himself up to positive change. The only change we are told of Charlie undertaking was the change in pricing with the hope of meeting future inflation values. Wallace (2007) notes that for any organizational change, â€Å"target population for the change will come to realize that the change was for the better.† The question will be ‘did Charlie’s customer see the change as a better one?’ Charlie’s decision to increase prices against future inflation was not a step in the right direction. This is because the world seems not to have recovered yet from the global economic crisis. For this reason, there is very little money in the pockets of many consumers. For this reason, undertaking reduced pricing should be a strategy for attracting more and more customers since demand for business has generally gone down. Secondly, Charlie refused to take greater advantage of his competitive advantages. The major com petitive advantage Charlie had was the location of his coaches at the coast, which was a tourist attraction site. So even if Charlie wanted to increase prices, he could have waited till summer when patronage of coast activities and holidays are very common. Since summer holidays come every year and patronage of holidays continue to increase, Charlie should have used that as an advantage to promote and publicize his business during off seasons so that he would have been sure of having more customers when the holiday season starts. Finally, Charlie should have avoided the private participation on ‘part-time’ basis. Frequent change of hands in running a business causes a breakdown in organizational culture. Some of the new people in whose hands the business went might have been people that customers were not well

Animation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Animation Critique - Essay Example Utilization of animatronics is expected to fade off in the next ten years in the entertainment industry. Film producers have been adopting several new mechanisms of public entertainment (Abbott, pg. 252). They are creating a realistic interaction of the imaginative objects and people. Engineers are improving the technology day by day, to suit the diverse and rapidly changing needs of the target populations. A revolution is expected to happen as the machines become sophisticated day by day. Essentially, scientists are even coming up with a mechanism where such robots will even be in a position to think and act just as human beings do (Schell, pg. 97). The e-robots will have an instinct ability that will reason just as human beings. It will be in a position to detect human emotions such as sadness or happiness. Out of detecting the human emotional happiness, the machine will act to improve the human mood. It will further create a close connection with the human beings (Peltoniemi, pg. 350). Additionally, toy robots are becoming of great use among the children, who are discarding the traditional toys. In essence, machines are replacing all the functions in all sectors. Therefore, extreme changes are expected with reference to the animatronics use in

Wall street Journal opinion Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wall street Journal opinion Article - Essay Example However, latest research findings indicate different outcomes. They reveal that increasing the minimum wage does not seem to lower employment. This has challenged the typical model of the effect increase in minimum wage. An increasing set of academic papers show that increase in minimum wage does not notably decrease employment among fast-food workers and teens. For instance, following a 25 percent increase in minimum wage in San Jose, California, there was no result in the area’s fast food franchise which led to suspension of employment. According to an article in Wall Street Journal, a ballot initiative in 2012 which was started by San Jose State University students led to a 2 dollar increase in minimum wage in the city. It was expected that this would result into job losses. However, data reveals that this was not the case (Morath 1). Employment in the fast-food industry increased after higher wages were in place. By the beginning of 2014, the pace of increase in employment in San Jose region was still more than the improvement in the whole state of California. Almost half of the minimum wage employees are hired in food service (Morath 1). San Jose city accounts for approximately half the population in the metro region, which comprises of Santa Clara and Sunnyvale. The minimum wage rate is said to be $8 in those neighboring cities. These results are far from conclusive. They still appear to fit researches that established that minimum wage increases at a local area have not resulted in notable job losses in fast-food restaurants (Morath 1). Prior researches in contrast to the recent findings concluded that 10% rise in the minimum wage decreased teen employment by 1 to 3 percent. The reasons that are offered for these new controversial findings consist of problematic methodologies, poor data and the likelihood of monopoly power. Employers

The U.S. constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The U.S. constitution - Essay Example However it is important to consider that any amendments to the constitution should not be made too rapidly. For this reason any amendments to the constitution must follow a two stage process. First congress must propose the changes and then must be approved by the state legislatures. With all of this in consideration there have been changes to the U.S. constitution and as such one must consider what the overall function or role of the federal government was in the past and as it stands today. The interpretation of what the original framers of the U.S. Federal government intended has been a subject of debate for many different groups. However the overall outline of the federal government is laid out by the U.S. constitution. Originally, the role of the federal government very closely resembled the government as it stands today however it lacked the significant changes that come through the adoption of amendments. According to The United States National Archives (2011) the first major group amendments to the US Constitution is the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The next significant changes to the United States constitution and according to the National Archives (2011) came in a series of gradual amendments which highlighted 26 additions/modifications pertaining to a variety of subjects. Some examples include the 22nd amendment which put term limits on the presidency or the17th amendment which dictated that there will be two senators from each state elected by the people and each senator shall have one vote. The next issue that will be discussed is how the structures of the government (Federalism, Presidential system, etc.) existed in the past and compare that with the function today. According to the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum publication the current role of an American president/presidential system can be broken down into six roles (Chief of State, Chief Executive, Commander-In Chief, Chief Diplomat, Legislative Leader and Leader of His Po litical party). The interesting difference that can be drawn from these roles is that the original president (George Washington) had no political party. From this perspective this represents a fundamental difference between the original role of the President and the current role of the President. Moreover as the increasingly globalized economy the roles of the president as a chief diplomat would be greatly expanded insofar as this would require greater exposure to a larger number of nations. In the relationship of states with the Federal government there have been a number of significant changes such as the growth in the number of states (From the original thirteen to fifty). Moreover there has been an increasing interdependency between states facilitated through such additions as railways, federal highways, etc. The final issue that will be covered is the way in which the federal government guaranteed or didn’t guarantee civil rights and liberties then; and the way in which they guarantee or don't guarantee civil rights and liberties today. Probably the most significant mechanism that guarantees the rights of citizens would be the incorporation of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution which ultimately became known as the Bill of rights. According to the United States National Archives (2011), the reasoning behind why this would be needed is largely owing to the fact that the original constitution did not lay out specifically what the

Choose two characters from the novel Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Choose two characters from the novel Of Mice and Men Essay America in the 1930s was a class-based society where women had no choice. The Wall Street Crash in 1929 meant the Great Depression was occurring, people living in poverty because of this but most would travel round to find work. Racism was still a critical problem in this time so this was affecting many lives, only white people could get a decent job, if a black person could it would be living in the same conditions as slaves, even though slavery was abolished in 1865- over 60 years before. Crooks is the stable buck and is black, he is a clever but lonely man who just wants some companionship. Curleys wife is seen as a tart, we see that she is also lonely and very misunderstood. In the novel, even though Steinbeck had made the characters an isolated group, they all represent different sides of the society, this allows him to criticise what he sees as problems. Slavery started in America in the 15th century, thousands of slaves arrived looking for a better way of life than what they had left, but infact their new lives were worse. Slavery meant big business in America. In the north most Negroes were free but in the south it was the way of life. Slaves were employed as either field workers; they worked long hours, lived in huts and slept on the floor. Then there were the house workers who would cook, clean, run the masters house and bring up the children, they lived a more comfortable life, but caused mistrust between the two. Sometimes a way to solve this was to split up families, selling the children. Slave revolt was common and in 1831 people started to understand the need to abolish slavery, in 1833 it became more widespread but Lincoln and the civil war offered more help to the black society. Finally in 1865 slavery was abolished Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in the United States. Crooks was not a slave but was still a victim of racial prejudice. He is lonely and very clever, He reads a lot. Got books I his room, and we see that he is aware of his rights, a tattered dictionary and a mauled copy of the California Civil code for 1905-98 this in a way is worse as he knows that he could have a better life. He loves company but hides it, as he is sure this was the best his life would get. The men know that they can be racist towards him and get away with it; this is made clear when George asks give the stable-buck hell? Asking why its ok, he is given the simple answer from candy that its fine because he is a nigger. Crooks was still very much treated as a slave. The men tell the stories of how they make him fight for a use of entertainment but on the count of the niggers got a crooked back, Smitty cant use his feet the men think its fine beating Crooks up and that theyre being kind. The group do not realise that Crooks is scared of them and so isolates himself from everyone and everything going on around him he kept his distance and demanded everyone else kept theirs but by doing this he had to live alone in the stables while the men on the ranch lived together, however they did respect he was a human because they did keep away from him. Crooks pain-tightened lips show he is suffering and is punishing himself, he tells himself that he aint wanted in the bunk-house and so other people aint wanted in my room. He says this to Lennie, who doesnt understand why crooks doesnt want to talk to someone or why he doesnt go in the bunk house, Crooks response to this is that the men say I stink- another example of the racial prejudice; hes black so therefore he must stink. Crooks sees that with Lennie he has someone he can tease and so does, when he tease s him Steinbeck writes that, Crooks pressed forward some kind of private victory. Crooks victory is that probably all his life he has been teased because of his colour, now he has someone he can pick on that he can beat. There is a sense of war in which black verses white and unusually the black can easily win. Crooks know he can get away with picking on Lennie, his face lighted with pleasure in his torture, he is enjoying that he can pick on a white person. Crooks is a dreamer, he has one dream of the past; I remember when I was a little kid on my old mans chicken ranch. Had two brothers. They were always near me, always there. He dreams of his past because he knows that he has no future, and that the others do have a future, there is a slight sense of jealousy as he cant leave the ranch. This is also another example of Crooks need for companionship; he is showing how lonely he is. Lennie then tells Crooks of his and Georges dream to own some land, to which he replies, Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody ever gets no land he knows what societies like and has seen many men with dreams but none ever come true, but even though he is pessimistic he is right. However even saying this he is still tempted to join the dream, he wants to be around people and is happy when people talk to him. He says I didnt mean it. Jus foolin. I wouldnt want to go no place like that. He knows he has to support black people and that it wouldnt happen. Through the character of crooks we see that Steinbeck thought that Crooks was treated badly and that he obviously felt sympathy for him and all black people in America. We see examples of Crooks being afraid of all people, including Curleys wife, in a time where women werent listened to, Steinbeck puts the message across that he shouldnt have to pull back and have to live in fear, worrying about what is going to happen to him and who by. If Crooks had been white he wouldnt be treated in the way he was. Curleys wife is another character that is seen as by the men on the ranch as insignificant, like Crooks. There are many similarities between the two; they are outcast, misunderstood, and oppressed. Neither are treated as equals and are trapped in the same life with no future. Even so she does not see these similarities and picks on Crooks for the same reason he picks on Lennie, because she can she knows that he will listen to her and be afraid. Curley s wife is all she was ever called, she was not given a name showing that she means nothing and is only a possession to Curley. This suggests that women were on the same level as black people and in some ways the same position. As Negroes were victims of racial prejudice women were victims of sexism. Curleys wife has no relationship with her husband and she doesnt look after the household like she is supposed to, this suggests that she is trapped and is only there so Curley can say hes married. She doesnt love him and is only there for his satisfaction. Curleys wife is lonely and when she looks for companionship within the ranch, the men say that she is too flirty, they think that Curleys married a tart but they dont understand her and dont try to. The men dont trust her and there is a sense of danger when George describes her as jail-bait. This also proves what the men think of her. There is a description of her, it goes through that she has, full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages this is very superficial and shows that in a way she is covering herself and her feelings with a mask. Knowing that her husband is at a whorehouse she says I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella this is very simplistic and suggests her interest, it also suggests that Curley does not love her either. She is obviously lonely and only gets a cold reception from the workers, she is isolated from the world and has lost all chance of having friends, and Steinbeck feels pity for her. He gives this message when she says think I dont like to talk to somebody ever once in a while? Think I like to stick in the house alla time? She questions them and gets no response from being kind. We see her lash out on page 111 when she is talking to Crooks, Lennie and Candy, she is angry because of Curley and so takes it out on them; people who she has a sense of power over; Ever body out doin sompin. Everybody! An what am I doing? Standin here talking to a bunch of bindle stiffs- a nigger an a dum-dum. This also gains her pity from the reader. Curleys wife is lonely and frustrated that there is nothing she can do or say make herself feel better but she does try by taking it out on the men, in this case Crooks. She says to him well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny although she is being so nasty we still feel sympathy for her, we understand that she is so lonely, we can relate to this. As Crooks does Curleys wife dreams of the past and what could have been, she says to Lennie I could of went with the shows. Not jus one, neither. An a guy tol me he could put me in the pitchers. She also talks about her dream later. She says that the only reason she married Curley was that she wanted to leave home. This is because she thought that her mother had stopped her from being an actress by stealing a letter from a man who had said he could make her famous. She explains I ast her if she stole it, too, an she says no. So I married Curley. Met him at the Riverside Dance Palace that same night she married him out of spite to her mother and no other reason. This is a tragic picture, she is being very naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve in thinking that a letter was being sent, she doesnt realise that the man was playing her for a fool, this gains her sympathy from the reader. When she is dead there is such a sense of calmness and tranquillity, and the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache for attention was all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young. This is saying that she is now at peace and in a way because her life was such a disaster in which she had no future she is better off dead. It was the only way she could be happy and escape Curley and her loneliness. The 1930s was a class- based society within America. Racism was an ongoing problem and black people were still being treated as slaves, even though slavery was abolished in 1865. The great depression was also still a huge problem with 3 million people unemployed in 1930 and 13 million in 1932. People were living in poverty and any jobs going were poorly paid. However life was worst for black people, who were victims of racial prejudice and discrimination and women who were seen as insignificant and possessions of their husbands or fathers and were only there to look purty and look after the house. In the novel, even though Steinbeck had made the characters an isolated group, they all represent different sides of the society, this allows him to criticise what he sees as problems. Curleys wife and Crooks are just two characters that illustrate what life was like in America in the 1930s.

Indian Film And Entertainment Industry Media Essay

Indian Film And Entertainment Industry Media Essay This report is part of the MBA sem 3 and 4 curriculum. Under which 2 students in one group are supposed to study one industry and so we have selected Film Industry for our study. The Indian film and entertainment industry, position at more than $8 billion, is one of the greatest increasing sectors of the Indian economy. Indian film industry forms the most key segment of entertainment sector. Indian film industry helps a lot in enlargement of entertainment industry the growth of country, at large. India has the worlds key movie industry in terms of the number of films produced. It is an enormous segment for foreign investment by corporatized entertainment companies. The demand for films in India deeply affected by the social, political, legal, technological etc. we also include how different environment affect film industry. In this report we also include key issues as well as current challenges of Indian film industry. Film Industry has increased significantly as a result of change from single producer to multiple production houses and according to sources even underworld plays vital role in producing films. Attitude of the film makers and audience has also changed over the years. In this project we show the list of film producing companies and name of top ten companies on the basis of its market share. Yash raj films have highest market share in Indian film industry; Aamir Khan Productions is 2nd highest market share in Indian film industry, and Red Chillies Entertainment 3rd highest market share in Indian film industry. The above three film producing houses are the major players in Indian film industry by having key market share in India. GROWTH AND EVOLUTION OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN INDIA Hindi Film is the key part of the Indian film industry. It is used to refer the Hindi film industry in India. The term is often misunderstood as the whole of Indian cinema but it is only a part of the Indian film industry. Hindi Film Industry is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest in the world. Hindi Film Industry is one the most recognized film industry in the world with reach in diverse regions like Britain, U.S, Japan, Nepal, Canada and various parts of the world. The Raja Harishchandra was 1st silent movie prepared in India. In 1920 approximately 30 films were prepared by Indian film industry, while this number increases to approximately 200 films in 1930. In 21st century approximately 100 films are being prepared yearly by the Indian film industry. In 1940s Indian film industries have artists like Dilip Kumar Prithviraj Kapoor. This period is pre-independent India. In this era many filmmakers made patriotic films. In 1950s era was conquered by big and memorable artists like Ashok Kumar Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, Guru Dut Meena Kumari. During this era humour also started making its way in the Film Industry as Kishore Kumars Chalti Ka Naam Gadi. In 1957, Mother India became the leading Indian movie to accomplish the Oscars in the top overseas Film category. In 1960s urban India was left in the wake of India being looked upon as a growing nation. Development of law order in the nation was the need of the hour thus films like Kanoon Kala Bazaar dealt with this subject. In 1970s decade was mostly dominated by artists like Amitabh Bachchan, Rajesh Khanna, Jaya Bhaduri, Hema Malini, Manoj Kumar. Films like Mera Naam Joker, Seeta Aur Geeta, Aur Paschim Anand are a few of the most important films of this era. It was in this period that Amitabh Bachchan got the title of Angry Young Man of Indian film industry. This era also saw the western influence on the Indian society with films like Purab Aur Paschim. In 1980s during this decade the impression of Angry Young Man continued as plenty of films were prepared showing one man aggressive against the injustices of the society. This era also saw some other enormous artists like sridevi, Madhuri dixit, Anil Kapoor, Aamir khan, Rishi Kapoor, Vinod khanna, salman khan. Films in this era are Namkeen, namak Halal, Chasme baddoor, The Burning Train Mr India. In 1990s this decade with bits and pieces of comedy films, war films and films based on life in underworld contributing to the victory of many artists. Salman khan, Shahrukh Khan, Kajol Priety Zinta, Akshay Kumar conquered the Hindi Film Industry in this decade. In 2000s entry of Hrithik Roshan, Aishwariya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan, sonam Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor continues as this decade is coming to an end. This decade saw lots of films being made on issues of terrorism. Films like Monsoon Wedding and Bollywood Hollywood appealed the NRI audience who are increasing in numbers day by day. Thus a new concept of Hinglish cinema became popular among the young generation. Films like Lage Raho Munnabhai, Lagaan, Gadar Ek Prem Katha, Dil Chahta Hai, Devdas, Taare Zameen Par, Ghajini are some of the memorable movies of this decade. This decade would be remembered for A.R. Rehman who received an Oscar in the early2009. PRODUCT PROFILE 3D films Television Amateur Films   Artists film and video   Animation Films Corporate and Promotional Films   Documentaries  Films Fiction Films Educational Films  Ã‚   Political and Campaigning Films   3D films 3D  is  motion picture  that enhances the  reality  of  deepness view. Resulting from  stereoscopic  shooting, a normal motion picture camera system is used to trace the photos as seen from 2 perspectives unique projection hardware eyewear are used to present the reality of deepness when viewing the film. Chota Chetan was the 1st Indian 3D film. The movie was made in 1984. Chota Chetan was a massive box office achievement and earned approximately Rs 60 crore in 1984-85. The film also wins the Presidents Gold Medal. Television A number of the collections collect local and national television broadcast material. This can contain original film and video master objects as well as off-air tape recordings of the programmes as they were relay. Amateur films This type of film generally shot on  16 mm film  until the arrival of cheap  cameras. The introduction of  digital computer based editing significantly extended the technical value achievable by the low-budget filmmaker. Artists film and video Since the early on days, artists film-makers have used the moving image to discover places, ideas, and the nature of the moving image itself by using both new traditional techniques. Animation Films Animation  is the quick display of a cycle of images to make a  reality  of progress. The mainly ordinary way of presenting animation is as a video, though there are other ways. This kind of appearance is typically accomplished with projector, camera and computer screens which can quickly rotation through images in a chain Corporate and Promotional Films   Corporate video  creation refers to  corporate communications  objects specially made for a use by a corporation, company organization. A corporate video is frequently planned for a definite reason in a corporate viewed only by targeted viewers. Documentary films Documentary films  represent a large variety of  non fictional  movement pictures  planned to  document  a few part of truth, mostly for the purposes of education historical record. Fictional Film Fictional film  is a film that tells an  imaginary story or occasion. In this manner of pictures, realistic narratives and characters facilitate influence the audience that the relating invented story is real. Educational film An  educational film  is a  film whose main reason is to  inform. Educational films have been used in many kinds of teaching method. Political and Campaigning Films Lots of political organizations have used the film and videos to support their foundation. Films comprise images of demonstrations mutually regionally and nationwide, as well as films issues such as war housing from the viewpoint of exacting political groups. DEMAND DETERMINATION OF THE INDUSTRY The common determinants demand are, prices of a substitute, prices of a complementary, Utility from it, ability to pay, Price of a goods etc. The demand determinations of film industry are as follows Individual factors It includes consumption patterns experiential motivation Films are experimental goods that customers engage in for enjoyment and fun which means that hedonic worth is the key object for the film know-how, whereas practical motives play an additional role. Thus active viewers consume films for aim-directed purpose. For some people, movement movies are more than just one more form of entertainment through which one can spend in the company of friends. Elements such as the market share of India and domestic films, the top ten box-office admissions and the per capita admissions may give us with an general image of the individuals preference in the demand for a certain kind of film. Industry-related factors It includes marketing production distribution. Marketing Value can simply be evaluated in terms of the spending experience, constant information regarding a film is obtainable prior to procure, the quality of movies can be assessed by customers simply when watching them. While box-office information responds to a mixture of motivation and wider promotion, we also require understanding the choice of a certain film over one more. For observed products, such as films, customers search for two kinds of information: observed and non-observed sources, television advertisement are experiential sources; they give a possibility to attempt the movie. Friends who have seen the movie can explain it and are hence another observed basis. Production The market achievement of film can be estimated to be influenced by the customers appraisal of a film worth. Worth, however, is hard to determine prior to viewing, consequently, audiences can understand production budgets as signals of a film high worth. Distribution Indian film producers were the primary to descend endogenous expenses into large-scale promotion distribution which meant that Bollywood became and has remained relatively more capable at serving mass markets than movie clusters in extra large movie producing countries. Cultural Social factors It includes social cultural status, occupation and Education Social factors such as earnings, education, and profession are probable to comprise significant predictors of the demand for a definite type of films. With value to our conceptualization of movies demand, we rely on the common proposition that little cultural capital customers favor entertainment that is fewer demanding in the difficulties it poses, while the taste of customers with superior cultural wealth. PLAYERS IN THE INDUSTRY Company market share (in %) Yash Raj Films 36 Aamir Khan Productions 16 Red Chillies Entertainment 12 Dharma Productions 4 UTV Motion Pictures 4 Reliance Entertainment 3 Eros International 3 T-Series 3 Vinod Chopra Productions 2 Vishesh Films 1 Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films is an Indian film company established by Yash Chopra, an Indian film director and filmmaker who was considered a movie mogul in country. Yash chopra is son of Aditya Chopra also made films under the banner of yash raj films. Aamir Khan Productions Aamir Khan Productions was established in 1999 by film actor Aamir Khan with the purpose of making the movie Lagaan. The film was released in 2001. The movie was together a key critical and commercial achievement, and was chosen for the 74th Academy Awards in the greatest Foreign Language movie class. Red Chillies Entertainment RCE is an Indian motion picture making and supply company, located in Mumbai. The company was established in 2004 by film actor Gauri Khan Shahrukh Khan. Dharma Productions Dharma Productions PLtd. is an Indian motion picture making and supply company, located in Mumbai. The company was established by Yash Johar in 1976. It is now running by his son Karan Johar subsequent to the death of the yash johar in 2004 UTV Motion Pictures UTV Motion Pictures is a completely owned supplementary of UTV Software Communications Ltd., located in London films and entertainment making company. Reliance Entertainment Reliance Entertainment also known as Reliance BIG Entertainment and entirely owned subsidiary of the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group conduct its film and entertainment industry. Eros International Eros International is an Indian motion picture making and supply company, located in Mumbai. The company was established by Ramraj Nahta in 1977. It is a top worldwide corporation in the Indian film entertainment industry. Other players are Vinod Chopra Productions, T-Series , Vishesh Films, Excel Entertainment, Balaji Motion Pictures, Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd, Illuminati Films, Prakash Jha Productions, Fox Star Studios, Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, Filmkraft Productions, Ashutosh Gowariker Productions, Vishal Bhardwaj Pictures KEY ISSUES AND CURRENT TRENDS Indian film industry over the earlier few years has been open towards foreign investments. This has cemented way for lots of international production firms to construct their entrance in Bollywood along with chance their offices in the India. As per FICC report, Indian movie industry is value $ 2.11 billion and is probable to observer a 9.1 percent growth till 2013. Worlds major film business in terms of making volume is undergoing a enormous international company with Reliance ADA Group signing a production deal with DreamWorks Studios, authorized by Steven Speilberg, a glowing Hollywood director, to create movies with the preliminary venture of US$ 825 million. Subsequent the lines, Yash Raj Films have signed joint partnerships with Walt Disney, to make animated movies. S. Leela Bansali Films partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment and TV 18 association with Viacom to form Viacom-18. Adlabs has emerged as the only film chain in India given that 3D and 6D formats and PVR is all set to impart approximately $ 52.2 million to raise its film creation and bowling operation in India. RECENT CHALLENGES India has the worlds major film industry in terms of the quantity of movies produced 1000 films yearly, frequently in the Hindi language. Nowadays, the technology of movie-making in India is possibly the best among all developing nations while the films themselves stay typically repetitive in story line and comfortable. The financing outline, centered on distributors, is supposed to have distorted since the 1960s when the studio classification collapsed and self-employed performers emerged. This gave grow to the star system in which actor ceased to have lasting contractual obligations towards any film manufacture. Relatively, they began to work as freelancers unassailable fees in part to the box office performance of their new films. This enlarged costs of film production since the extra successful actors hogged key proportions of the producers funds. Film production consequently became a risky business and the affiliation with various lenders strengthens more than the years. A low finances Hindi film can be completed for even as low as Rs. 15 million. A big finances movie can cost in surplus of $30 million. India has a National Film Development Corporation which investments some of films. NFDC cannot be measured to play a vital role in the film industry since it finances else few movies which, too, are not of the kind that has prepared the Indian film industry so exciting. PESTLE ANALYSIS POLITICAL ANALYSIS Factors are how a government intervenes in the nation. Particularly, political factors comprise labour law, tax policy, environmental policy, trade boundaries, tariffs, political constancy. Government Support With compared to governments in other nations efforts by the government of India to encourage the film industry have been very nominal. Government Initiatives A SEZ is going to be constructed in Thiruvananthapuram exclusively for the film animation industry. The Film Video Park made an excellent start when the Chennai-based Prasad Labs has made it its base to development every Malayalam movies for the subsequently two years. The government cans supplementary support investments participation in the film industry by providing tax benefits. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Factors comprise economic enlargement, exchange rates, interest rate inflation rates. These factors have key impacts on how businesses work and formulate decisions. Indias benefit in low costs has been exploited by lots of multinational production studios. The arrival of digital film coincided with the liberalization of the Indian economy and India open the remuneration of lower production costs, strong innovative and scientific skills and a large English talking people. This has led to the growth of state of the films art in some Indian cities by the way of collaborating with international entertainment companies. Indian film making firms cannot match their western counterparts in financial power. It is pointed out that state help in the form of tax holidays is crucial for success in the film making business. SOCIAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise the cultural aspects contain health awareness, population expansion rate, age allocation and safety. There is huge demand from this part of Indian population for a new medium that facilitate information communication sharing, while at the similar time, being simply available to the masses via the TV. Products of interactive medium and film can plug this demand gap to a huge degree; they can be vast tools for education, awareness entertainment between rural and urban areas illiterates in India. India can contribute in a more major way in the international films market, provided the country has built up essential manpower, with the related know-how, to fuel its growth. India has the probable to grow its film industry to approximately $ 1 billion in 2010, but will remain limited to $ 869 million on description of a scary demand-supply gap in the area of employable resources. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise environmental ecological aspects, such as RD, computerization, new technology and the velocity of technological alteration. Indias film industry is growing at an amazing speed, the fact remains that this increases is mainly a result of the growing of studios for hire. The film industry is still youthful. The booming film outsourcing industry is continually demanding new skills new infusion of talent into the industry. Education in latest media has to be embedded into the normal curriculum. Students have to understand that they can have a profitable career as film maker or actor, the governments as well as institutions have to establish programmes for their career progress. LEGAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise prejudice law, consumer law, employment law, antitrust law, safety law. Outsourcers have forever been afraid with the defense of their intellectual property in India. India is unsuccessful to take several actions against its violation. India needs to reinforce its intellectual property policy ensure that companies working in the outsourcing area take strict steps to take care of client intellectual property rights. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Factors comprise climate, weather its change, which may particularly influence industries such as farming, tourism, insurance. Furthermore, rising consciousness to climate change is affecting how companies works products they offer. Indian firms are facing a talent scarcity which influences their capacity to degree up their operations based on client demand. This also affects the client assurance in off shoring large chunks of work. Though Indian companies have set in place vast expansion tactics, these are often flawed by different reasons. Tie-ups with educational institutes are serving overcome this complexity.

Media Violence and The Effects on Children Essays -- essays research p

Does media violence have a negative effect on children? On September 11th, 2001, millions around the world crowded around televisions across the globe, watching the horrific scenes of terrorism that had struck New York City, Washington, D.C and Pennsylvania on that ill-fated and now infamous morning. Our sense of security and impenetrable protection crashed 110 stories to the shaken streets of New York City. We watched with shock and horror, disbelief and grief as the images were repeatedly flashed before our eyes, with the all the drama of the plane crashing through the World Trade Center and bursting into an indescribable ball of fire and of the surreal scenes of demolished piles of what used to be the Twin Towers of New York City. We witnessed desperate pleas for help from family members of missing victims. We were shown images of the wounded victims and of the unimaginable destruction in the streets of New York. Our expeditious system of mass media provided us with an immediate window to this dramatic and unprecedented tragedy. We were not alone as we stood looking through this window to the trauma and terrorism enveloping us. As we looked on with fear and horror, so did children. As we watched the 24-hour coverage of the events unfolding, so did children. Every major station broadcast continuous coverage of the "attack on America" for days following the tragedy. While networks provided live coverage, personal interviews and professional analysis, cable stations flashed messages of condolence and sympathy across the bottom of the screen during regular programming, as a constant reminder and acknowledgement of tragedy that had shaken us to our knees. If we as adults were so affected by the trauma of the events, then what can be said for the children who witnessed these same images of horror and terrorism? How, with such an undeveloped capacity to understand the world and the proximity of danger, can we say that children were not affected by the violence of this tragedy? In a time when adults cannot fully understand the context of the violence in our world, how can children possibly be expected to make sense of it? They cannot. Living in a culture and time where violence permeates countless aspects of society in both fiction and reality; visual, verbal, implied and overt; and given the prevalence and pervasiveness of the violence surrounding us,... ...fficult to avoid the influence of media violence. For impressionable children who are constantly shaping and reevaluating the world around them, media violence plays a role in the formation of their negative perceptions of society and their surrounding environment. They are affected by the frequent influence of violent depictions in the same way that they are influenced to want a toy because of the commercial that promotes it. It is the degree and severity of this effect that remains open for heated debate in the arena of social policy and public interest. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Anonymous. (1999). Get Real. Broadcasting and Cable, 62, 129. CNN. Bethesda, MD. 12, Sept. 2001. 2. Cutler, Maggie. (2001). Whodunit-The Media? The Nation, 18-20, 272. 3. Hepburn, Mary. (1997). T.V. Violence! A medium's effects under scrutiny. Social Education, 244-249, 61. 4. Mifflin, Lawrie. (1999). Many Researchers Say Link is Already Clear on Media Violence and Youth Violence. The New York Times, 27, 03624331. 5. Mitchell, Dr. Jeffrey. "Children need 'reassurance' in the face of tragedy." Interview 6. Posch, Robert J Jr. (1993). What you do emerges from who you are. Direct Marketing, 43, 56.

Boundaries of the I-Function in Twins :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Boundaries of the I-Function in Twins Identical, conjoined, and half-twins are all examples of intrinsic variability in humans. Intrinsic variability exists in all animals and is an adaptive mechanism built into the nervous system in response to input. This mechanism allows humans to distinguish the same inputs as different from one another and therefore, the possible outputs vary with time. It is possible that due to identical genetic input, the twins could share identical neural pathways and identical I-Functions. This hypothesis could explain the identical behaviors and inter-connectedness of feelings and thoughts that twins share. Differences that are seen in twin behaviors could simply be due to intrinsic variability causing differing output or behaviors. During ovulation, when a woman releases an ovum, three different processes can occur. First, the ovum can remain in one piece all the way to the uterus where, if not fertilized, it will be shed out of the body along with the unused endometrium. Second, the ovum, if fertilized, can develop into a single embryo, which is the most common type of pregnancy in humans with about 99% of all births being singletons (1). Finally, the ovum can split into two separate halves resulting in genetically identical twins. The three types of twins previously mentioned are identical, which are created when the fertilized ovum separates into two complete, identical parts, conjoined, which occur as a result of a fertilized ovum not completing the equal separation resulting in two fetuses fused together in some way, and half-twins or polar body twins, which are made when an unfertilized ovum splits into two complete, identical parts and is then fertilized by two different sperm. The frequency of identical twins is 3.5 per 100 births (1) and the frequency of conjoined twins is 1 birth per 50,000 with only 100 known cases surviving their first year (5). There is no scientific explanation for why an ovum splits into two or more parts. It has been observed that ovum splitting can be hereditary but can also occur spontaneously. This spontaneity or unexplained divergence from normal egg growth and fertilization could be due to intrinsic variability. This intrinsic variability could also be connected to certain differences in behavior of two genetically and culturally identical twins. Ideally, one could say that twins with identical genetic information and environments would have extremely similar, if not the same neural pathways and central pattern generators (CPGs).

Technology and Morals in Isbens An Enemy of the People and Freuds Civilization and its Discontent :: Enemy People Civilization Discontents

Technology and Morals in Isben's An Enemy of the People and Freud's Civilization and its Discontents As technology increases do the morals of society degrade? This is a very scientific question to ask about quite an emotional subject. A scientist would ask for a set of data correlating points of increasing technology with corresponding points of moral standards. The brutal truth is that you can't know. No one can be certain about the moral standards of a people at a certain time in the past, let alone the present. And how do you face a period of time when the technological standards and ideas actually fell in relationship from the previous time period. Did their moral standards improve? I doubt it. Arguing for the code of chivalry and the honor of knights falls apart when you look away from fairy tales, that and the fact that most of the population of Europe was peasants, anyways. But seriously, a person really can't know. The only problem technology brings forth is that people can find a more efficient way of getting what they want. Because after all, isn't that all huma n nature is? And morals are defined by human nature. So if one person wants to kill people, technology will aid that person in doing so. Of course there's a monetary price to that technology, so you'll be able to kill people only as efficiently as your budget constraint allows. However, it's still not that hard or expensive to buy a gun and shoot someone. What I'm leading up to is that technology does not affect the morals of a people. It affects how efficiently they can carry out their goals, not their goals directly. Of course you can say that the possibility of doing something creates a desire to do it, but is someone going to commit genocide if they don't want to kill a single person in the first place? Technology does not affect people's morals directly: it allows people to follow their nature (to carry out their goals) more efficiently. Henry Ibsen gives the best argument for this case. In his play, An Enemy of the People, the mayor of the town, Peter Stockmann, only wants what is best for the town and his public image. His brother, Dr.

Ben and Jerry’s Case Study

The world outside the US, Europe and ANZ relates US business today with Microsoft, Citibank and Google. Not much is known about Ben and Jerry, nor is the company taken up for discussion in management schools in the emerging nations of the world. This is a pity as the history of this company is the stuff of corporate legend and provides a very different perspective of the image of US companiesBen Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, school companions at Calhoun High School in Merrick, Long Island teamed up in 1978 to open an ice cream shop in Burlington, Vermont. Both were twenty-seven years old and unlikely entrepreneurs. They had never been to business school and had tinkered around with academics and disparate work opportunities before deciding to make ice cream. Ben had attended three different colleges before dropping out and had supported himself with low-end jobs while he freewheeled through life.He learned craft and worked as a craft teacher for three years teaching pottery, stained gl ass, and film making to disturbed adolescents before he started his small ice cream shop in a converted gas station. Jerry graduated from high school with a merit scholarship but could not get admission to medical school despite trying more than once. In 1977, he along with Ben took a correspondence course in ice cream making from Penn State before opening their parlor.Both Ben and Jerry, products of the counter culture of the sixties were never interested in creating large businesses and looked upon the venture more as a means of livelihood, which would enable them to live lives of dignity and allow them to work on social causes.They carried with them beliefs and ideologies that were in many ways opposed to the thinking of profit oriented business corporations. This ideology with its’ stress on human values guided the strategy and mission of Ben and Jerry’s. Among other things, it also led to the formulation of the 5:1 remuneration practice, wherein the company decree d that the highest individual employee payout would not be more than 5 times the entry-level salary at base level.The very thought of such an idea in a business environment where similar ratios moved in the region of 90:1 was revolutionary. It was indicative of Ben’s desire to place social commitment above business expediency and was to be a forerunner of the strategy the company would follow in all areas.The ice cream company did well. The business grew to become a manufacturer of distinctive ice cream products with a geographic reach far beyond Vermont. In barely ten years, it became one of the largest ice cream producers in the US; respected for its unusual business practices and social commitment. The company adopted a number of practices, which were distanced from those of a profit and cost conscious business organization. Most decisions were judgmental and stemmed from ideology and conviction.The ice cream had large chunks or tidbits of flavoring which broke up the smoo thness but provided a chewy and delightful sensation. The products were natural and had no artificial ingredients though some of the chunks did. It was made only in Vermont with local milk. Marketing efforts eschewed traditional methods and market research and media spend did not figure in the scheme of things. Promotions were through sponsoring of educational events, summer music festivals and the like.The company, in its’ initial days was targeted by market leaders Haagen Dazs. It took the leader on both in the courts and on the streets with their â€Å"What is the Doughboy afraid of?† campaign and sales soared after Haagen Dazs came up with an out of court settlement. The continuous social commitment of Ben and Jerry’s, its unstructured and informal working atmosphere and its’ quality and consumer focus remained unaltered as the company grew in size and reputation.In 1988, barely ten years after formation, ben and Jerry were named small business person s of the year. Ben Cohen went to the White House in a borrowed suit to pick up the trophy. By then the company had identified twelve core markets covering   two thirds of US superpremium sales and had achieved distribution in each supermarket chain inthese areas.The social commitment of the company was evinced in a number of areas and was exemplified by its 5:1 employee remuneration policy. It was this commitment which finally led to a rift between Ben Cohen, the major shareholder and the President, Chico Lager. This is the primary focus of this case study.